HERBS-AND-HEALTH-FOOD PHARMACOGNOSY.pptx

Pharmacognosy about herbs and health

1. HERBS and “HEALTH FOODS”

2. Objectives: To discuss the legality of sale of herbs and health foods. To explain the role of pharmacist regarding the sale of herbs and health foods. To discuss the safety and efficiency considerations of herbs and health foods. To discuss the different herbs and health foods.

3. Drug efficacy study A study conducted by the National Research Council to determine effectiveness of drugs. The FDA declared that a drug would be considered misbranded if the manufacturer made any claims for drugs that were not in accord in the findings of 1 of 17 panels set up to review the efficacy of the active ingredients of all OTC drugs.

4. ROLES OF PHARMACISTS The knowledgeable pharmacist of today must have working knowledge of questionable herbal and nutritional remedies. The pharmacist must be able to provide information as accurate or possible to patients who through ignorance or desperation may be tempted to utilize some products.

5. One must be alert to the need opportunity to refer a patient for more traditional contemporary health care when indicated, but it is equally important t maintain credibility and lives of communication by demeaning or categoric “turn-off” such as “that is old fashioned” or it is worthless”.

6. NATURAL and “ORGANIC” Natural – Usually more expensive. – identifies only a source Organic – implies that the product was grown under conditions utilizing only natural fertilizers, such as manure and that has no possibilities of any type applied.

7. there is no significant difference between the two such as nitrogen or potassium are derived organic or inorganic sources, provided that they are in a form the plant can assimilate.

8. SAFETY and EFFICACY CONSIDERATIONS Placebo effect A medication that is independent of or minimally related of the specific effects of the procedure or drug employed. Operates through a psychological mechanism. Placebos are effective in about 35% of he patient to whom they administered. However, the use of the products does prevent a number of hazards that must be made clear to any potential purchasen.

9. What is an herb? A substance of plant origin that according to one’s desires can be used for outlining medicinal purposes. A typical herb may contain less dozens of different compounds, so it has rarely been advantageous to separate an herb into its component parts. In fact doing so may completely inactivate the drug.

10. AN HERB IS A DRUG An herbal preparation possesses the properties of a drug. It is pharmacologically active It interacts with prescription drugs. It affects the health of the person taking it.

11. HERBS and “HEALTH FOODS” ALFALFA BO: Medicago sativa AKA: Lucerne Parts used: dried leaves, flowering tops, seeds

12. ALFALFA Constituents: L-canavanine replaces arginine in vital metabolic process in the body thus causing recurrence of SLE. Uses: Have stimulating properties when employed in the form of a tea. Relieve arthritic conditions and to stimulate the appetite thereby an increase in weight. Contradictions: Patients having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not advised to take the drug.

13. ANGELICA BO: Angelica archangelica Parts used: Dried fruit, dried root C: (no active constituent and no specific pharmacologic response that have been documented.

14. »Contains a number of: furocoumarins of the psoralen type: -angelicin -imperatorin -bergapten -xanthotoxin

15. Uses: -flavoring agent -diaphoretic -aromatic stimulant -diuretic -bronchial tonic -emmenagogue -treatment of rheumatism -carminative Adverse effects: -phototoxic -mutagenic -carcinogenic

16. APRICOT PITS BO: Prunus armeniaca Linne Part used: kernels C: -laetrile and amygdalin laetrile is (-)-mandelonitrile-β-glucoronoside

17. -emulsin (an enzyme that hydrolyzes the glycoside, releasing toxic cyanide) Use : -anticancer agent => National Cancer Institute found that laetrile : Did not make cancer regress Did not extend the lifespan of the cancer patients Did not improve cancer patient’s symptoms

18. Did not help cancer patients to gain weight or become more physically active. Remarks: Because the treatment is ineffective and carries considerable potential danger, the use of apricot pits as an anticancer must be considered irrational. Its use should be avoided.

19. ARNICA BO : Arnica montana Part used : Dried flowering heads C : =>Sesquiterpenoid lactones -helenalin (an allergen,producing contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals)

20. -dihydrohenalin -and esters of these compounds Use : -anti-inflammatory -analgesic - antibiotic -counterirritant in the treatment of abrasions, bruises, and sprains -treat inflammation of gums -a gargle/mouthwash for sore throats Warning : Arnica extract can be toxic if ingested.

21. ASAFETIDA BO : Ferula assafoetida F. rubricaulis F. foetida AKA : -gum asafetida -devil’s dung -Hingu (in Sanskrit)

22. C : -4-20% volatile oil (consist of isobutylpropanyl disulfide) -40-60% resin –asaresinotannol -25% gum Use : -carminative -expectorant -antispasmodic -laxative

23. AVELOZ BO : Euphorbia heterodoxa AKA : killwart Part used : latex Uses : a wart or tumor remover treatment of cancer, tumors, cysts, warts and fibromas

24. Warnings : -However, it also acts as a tumor promoters, or carcinogens. -the medicinal use of this potent material can certainly not be recommended.

25. BLACK COHOSH BO : Cimicifuga racemosa Linne (Fam. Ranunculaceae) Parts used : Dried rhizome and roots C : -15-20% resins -saponins -other glycosides

26. Uses : -an ingredient in bitter tonics to treat indigestion and loss of appetite. -used to treat dysmenorrheal -used in treating bronchitis, coughs and chronic rheumatism. Adverse effects : -Bradycardia -tremors -vertigo

27. BLESSED THISTLE BO : Cninus benedictus Part used : dried overground portion of plant C : -cnicin (a bitter diterpenoid lactone)

28. Uses : -a bitter tonic for appetite stimulation -for relief of flatulence and indigestion -use in diseases of the liver and gallbladder Remarks : No acceptable scientific evidence supports any therapeutic value for this plant.

29. BLUE VERVAIN BO : Verbana hastate AKA : wild hyssop Part used : dried tops C : Verbenalin (a glucoside with weak sympathomimetic activity)

30. Uses : -diaphoretic -emmenagogue -expectorant -tonic -tranquilizer Remarks : The plant material is nauseating when ingested in quantity and lacks practical therapeutic utility.

31. BONESET BO : Eupatorium perfoliatum Parts used : dried leaves and flowering tops C : eupatorin (a triterpenic saponin)

32. Use : -diaphoretic, laxative, emetic *once considered a panacea Remarks : Boneset is currently considered to lack therapeutic merit, and the discomfort associated with its ingestion obviates any use for nutritional purposes.

33. BORAGE BO: Borago officinalis Part used: leaves C: - tannin and mucilages - 2 pyrrolizidine alkaloids (lycopsamine and supinidine vividiflorate, a potentially poisonous nature)

34. Uses : - astringent - demulcent - an ingredient in refreshing beverages.

35. BRAN BO : Triticum aestivum Parts used : coarse outer course or hull of grain of wheat C : -high content of dietary fiber

36. The salubrious effects of sufficient amounts of bran or other sources of crude fiber in the diet are apparently due not only to its water-holding capacity but also to its ability to adsorb such compounds as bile acids. This ability, in turn, modifies cholesterol metabolism. Uses : Treatment of certain gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, appendicitis, and hemorrhoids. Product : All-Bran®

37. BROOM BO : Cytisus scoparius AKA : Scotch broom Part used : dried tops C : 15% of sparteine, cystisine and other alkaloids

38. » Sparteine –is used therapeutically for its depressant action in cardiac arrhythmias and for its oxytoxic effect. Uses : -cardiac remedy -cathartic -diuretic -hallucinogen when smoked Remarks : Broom is not safe for self-medication.

39. BUCHU BO : Barosma betulina B. crenulata B. serratifolia Part used : dried leaves

40. Constituents : - diosmin (a flavonoid glycoside) - diosphenol (a phenolic ketone) Uses : -diuretic -weak urinary antiseptic

41. BURDOCK BO : Articum lappa AKA : lappa Part used : dried first-year root

42. Uses : -diuretic, diaphoretic, childbirth aid. -treatment of gout, rheumatism, and syphilic disorders. -used to stimulate hair growth and to treat chronic skin conditions, such as dandruff and psoriasis.

43. BUTCHER’S BROOM BO : Ruscus aculateus AKA : Box holly Part used : rhizome C : ruscogenin and neoruscogenin

44. Uses : -anti-inflammatory -vasoconstrictive -phlebotherapeutic => Marketed in two forms : 1. A capsule intended for internal consumption to treat circulatory problems in the legs. 2. A rectal ointment for hemorrhoids.

45. CALAMUS BO : Acorus calamus AKA : sweet flag Part used : rhizome C : β-asarone Uses : -carminative and stomachic -a fragrance component

46. CANAIGRE BO : Rumex hymenosepalus AKA :-wild red American ginseng -wild red desert ginseng Part used : roots

47. C : -30-40% tannins - anthraquinones Uses : -astringent -topical use for skin irritants -treatment of sore throat -prevention of diarrhea Remarks : It is important to note the carcinogenic potential of the plant owing to its high tannin content. Canaigre may be a useful material for tanning leather and drying wood.

48. CATNIP BO : Nepeta cataria Parts used : dried leaves and flowering tops

49. C : 70-90% catnip volatile oil → cis-trans-nepetalactone →compound structurally similar to the valepotriates (the sedative principles of valerian) Uses : -sedative -carminative hypnotic

50. CHAMOMILE BO : Matricaria chamomilla AKA : German chamomile, matricaria, Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) Part used : dried flower heads

51. C : -chamazulene (causes the blue color) -sesquiterpene (-)-α-bisabolol -flavone and coumarin Uses : -carminative -spasmolytic -anti-inflammatory Adverse effects : The tea prepared from pollen-rich flower heads, has caused contact dermatitis, anaphylaxis, and other severe hypersensitivity reactions in individuals allergic to ragweeds, asters, chrysanthmums, and similar plants.

52. CHAPARRAL BO : Larrea tridentate AKA : creosote bush Part used : leaflets

53. Constituents : -20% resin -norhydroguaretic acid (NDBA) –antioxidant Uses : -use in the treatment of bronchitis -useful in the alleviation of rheumatic pain.

54. CHICORY BO : Cichorium intybus Parts used : dried rhizome and roots

55. Constituents : -lactucin and lactucopikrin (bitter sesquiterpene lactones) -cichoriin (coumarin glycoside) -maltol (simple purone) → has the potentially useful property of intensifying the sweetness of sugar. -taraxasterin (triterpene) the sweetness of sugar. Uses : -diuretic, laxative and tonic -treatmant of gallstones, hepatic disorders and indigestion.

56. Cholecystokinin (CKK) → polypeptide hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa Uses : -stimulate the flow of digestive fluids of the gallbladder and pancreas. -suppresses appetite by acting on the satiety center of the brain. Precautions : There is considerable risk of causing intestinal cramps, nausea and vomiting.

57. COCILLANA BO : Guarea rusbyi Part used : dried bark Uses : -cathartic and emetic -used medicinally as a nauseating expectorant in some cough syrups, but the use of this ingredient has been discontinued.

58. COLLINSONIA BO : Collinsonia canadensis AKA : stone root Parts used : dried rhizome and roots C : mucilage, resin and tannin Uses : -astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic and tonic - an ingredient in a hemorrhoidal product.

59. COLTSFOOT BO : Tussilago farfara AKA : farfara Parts used : dried flower heads or leaves C : -senkirkine and tussilagine (hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids)

60. Uses : -demulcents and expectorants, particularly in the treatment of coughs. Adverse effects : Recent studies have shown that the young flowers of the plant are carcinogenic, producing a high incidence of hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver when fed to rats.

61. COMFREY BO : Symphytum offinale Parts used : rhizome, roots and leaves C : -0.6-1% allatoin -lasiocarpine (highly hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid)

62. Use : It is a cure for ulcerations of the external and internal organs following topical or systemic administration. Remarks : Based on findings, the herb definitely cannot be recommended as a medicinal agent and indeed, possesses considerable likelihood of causing harmful effects in those utilizing it internally.

63. CUCURBITA SEED BO w/ Syn : Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin and summer squash) C. maxima(Hubbard, Turban, Marblehead and Sibley squashes) C. moschata (crookneck and China squashes) Part used : seed C : cucurbitin (3- amino-3-carboxypyrolidine) Use : teniafuge

64. DAMIANA BO: Turnera diffusa Part used: leaves C: -high ethanol -tannins -0.2-0.9% volatile oil -gum -resin

65. Remarks : It is highly regarded as an aphrodisiac by Mexican Indians but there is still no proper basis for the use of damiana by human beings.

66. DEVIL’S CLAW BO : Herpagophytum procumbens Part used : Secondary storage roots C : three indoid glycoside (harpagoside, harpagide, and procumbide) Uses : -anti-inflammatory -used by African natives to alleviate pain in pregnant women and especially in those anticipating a difficult delivery.

67. ECHINACEA BO : Echinacea angustifolia AKA : coneflower; purple cone flower Parts used : dried rhizome and roots

68. C: > Echinacoside -has bacteriostatic principle -a caffeic acid glycoside > Echinacin B –has wound-healing effects -apparently forms a complex with hyaluronic acid that is resistant to attack by hyaluronidase. > (2)-1,8-pentadecadiene –possesses in-vivo anti-tumor activity.

69. Uses : -a blood purifier -it is a remedy against various types of infections in treating bites of poisonous reptiles and insects. -a palliative agent in malignant conditions - used primarily in lotions and cosmetics for its wound-healing action.

70. ELEUTHERO BO : Acanthopanax senticosus; Eleutherococcus senticosus AKA : Siberian ginseng Parts used : leaves or entire plant

71. C : eleutherosides -a series saponin glycosides -adaptogen or antistress agent Uses : The stimulant and tonic effects are said tobe greater and longer acting than those of ginseng.

72. EVENING PRIMROSE OIL BO : Denothera biennis Part used : seeds C : -15-20% fixed oil - 8% γ-linolenic acid

73. Uses : -treatment of atopic eczema in young adults -treatment of mastalgia Claims : Advocates of the consumption of evening primrose oil note that γ-linoleic acid is a precursor prostaglandin E1, an adequate supply of which is purported to control hypertension and blood cholesterol levels, and to prevent or relieve myocardial infarctions, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, multiple sclerosis, eczema, acne, hyperactivity in children, premenstrual discomfort, alcoholism, and many other conditions.

74. EYEBRIGHT BO : Euphasia officinalis Part used : dried flowering tops C : tannin Uses : -use in various eye conditions, including blackeyes, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, eyestrain, and styes. -used in the treatment of hay fever.

75. FENUGREEK BO : Trigonella foenumgreacum Part used : dried ripe seeds C : trigonelline and a mucilaginous hydrocolloid

76. Uses : -demulcent, emollient, and a treatment for indigestion -employed as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup. -a poultice and an emollient in veterinary practice.

77. FEVERFEW BO : Chrysanthemum parthenium Part used : fresh whole leaves or freeze-dried powdered leaves

78. C : -parthenolide -secotanaparthenolide -canin -3-β-hydroxyparthenolide -artecanin Uses : -used to relieve migraine, headache, and arthritis -spasmolytic.

79. FO-TI-TIENG® BO : Mixture of the leaves and stems of: -Cantella astiaca -Gillenia trifoliate (meadowsweet) -Cola nitida (cola nut)

80. C : Vitamin X –a principle alleged to exert a marvelous rejuvenating effect on the brain cells and endocrine glands. Uses : -sedative, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing Remarks : No scientific supports the allegations that Fo-ti-tieng® promotes longetivity, nor has its safety or efficacy been documented.

81. GARLIC and ONION BO : Garlic (Allium sativum) Onion (Allium cepa) Part used : bulb C : Garlic –allicin (responsible for the characteristic odor of garlic) – ajoene -antithrombotic factor Onion -prostaglandin A1 (has hypotensive action on injection)

82. Uses : -stimulation of bile production -lowering of blood glucose and blood lipids -reduction of hypertension -acceleration of wound healing -curing of common cold

83. GENTIAN BO : Gentiana lutea AKA : Gentian root Parts used : dried rhizome and roots C : 2% gentiopicrin (in high quality gentian) →a bitter glucoside

84. *Slow drying of the roots permits enzymatic hydrolysis of gentiopicrin and yields a darker reddish brown product that is inferior for use as a medicinal bitter. Uses : -a bitter tonic in anorexia and dyspepsia -used in Europe as an ingredient in alcoholic beverages valued for their stomachic properties.

85. GINSENG BO : Panax quinquefolius; Panax pseudoginseng Part used : roots =>3 kinds of ginseng exported from the US: 1. Wild root 2. Cultivated root 3. Processed ginseng products

86. C : Mixture of triterpenoid saponins: Panoxides Ginsenosides Chikusetsusaponins Uses : Have tonic, stimulant, diuretic, and carminative properties. Acts favorably on metabolism, the CNS and endocrine secretions.

87. Treatment of anemia, diabetes, insomia, neurasthenia, gastritis, and especially sexual impotence. An adaptogen, help the body to adapt to stress and to correct adrenal and thyroid dysfunctions. Heavily promoted as an aphrodisiac. Adverse effects : Long-term use was associated with hypertension, nervousness and sleeplessness in some subjects but had opposite effects, hypotension and tranquilizing effects on others.

88. The symptoms observed in ginseng abuse mimic those of corticosteroid poisoning, suggesting a steroid mechanism of action operating through the adrenal cortex or the pituitary gland. Studies : 60% of the products in one sampling were judged “worthless”, and 25% of those sampled contained no ginseng. The FDA found no evidence of enhanced sexual experience or potency resulting from its use.

89. GLUCOMANNAN Other names are voodoo lily, Konjac mannan, konjac, konjac fiber, manna, konjac glucomannan, devil’s tounge It is a water soluble polysaccharide obtained from tubers of Amorphophallus riveri Durie cv. Konjac derived from konjac flour Is composed of glucose and mannose units in a ratio of 1:1.6 connected by ß-1,4 glucosidic linkages It is a perennial plant widely cultivated from Indonesia to Japan

90. products containing glucomanan are marketed under a variety of brand names and are also sold as nutritional supplements for constipation, obesity, high cholesterol, acne vulgaris and type 2 diabetes. Is used as an emulsifier and thickener in foods Its product is marketed as diet aid. Is rather effective as a bulk laxative. Reduced total high blood cholesterol

91. GLYCYRRHIZA Other names are licorice, gan cao and wild licorice Its extracts is used in treating coughs and colds. It suggests therapeutic potential in treating some inflammatory conditions and peptic ulcers. It is a perennial in the pulse family that is grown for its taproot. It is distinct from anise and other anethole-containing plant materials that have a licorice like flavor. It strengthen immune system, stimulates the adrenal gland, and is diuretic and laxative.

92. Is also used in brewing and in making aperitifs has long been valued as a demulcent and expectorant is used continuously by health care professionals today to relieve respiratory ailments (such as allergies, bronchitis, colds, sore throats, and tuberculosis), stomach problems (including heartburn from reflux), inflammatory disorders, skin diseases, stress relief, and liver problems.

93. GOLDENSEAL Other names are yellow root, orange root, puccoon, ground raspberry, wild curcuma Is the dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Linné (fam. Ranunculaceae) contains a compound that is roughly 50 times sweeter than sugar Used to soothe inflamed eyes and mucous membranes. is bitter that stimulates the secretion and flow of bile, and can also be used as an expectorant.

94. Also used as a hemostatic in intestinal and uterine bleeding, a uterine stimulant, and a vasoconstrictor. Contains berberine and hydrastine alkaloids used as and astringents and have a weak antibiotic properties. Medical use of this plant have been discontinued because it impairs the detection of morphine in the urine. is used for the following conditions minor wound healing, bladder infections, fungal infections of the skin ,colds & flu sinus and chest congestion

95. GOTU KOLA called as a miracle elixirs of life, asiatic pennywort, hydrocotyle or brahmi, and Indian pennywort Is constituted from the leaves and stems of Centella asiatica (Linné) (Fam. Umbelliferae). Has been promoted as a body strengthener and revitalizer. In high doses the drug has a definite sedative effect that resides in 2 saponin glycosides, brahmoside and brahminoside. Another glycosides, madecassoside, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and asiaticoside, exerts a wound-healing action by stimulating mitosis.

96. It has the ability to heal wounds, improve mental clarity, and treat skin conditions such as leprosy and psoriasis Historically, has also been used to treat syphilis, hepatitis, stomach ulcers, mental fatigue, epilepsy, diarrhea, fever, and asthma Today, it is used for disorders that cause connective tissue swelling, such as scleroderma, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, and to improve memory and concentration It was confused with kolanuts, the dried cotyledon of Cola nitidia.

97. HAWTHORN Other names are Hawthorne , Haw, May, Mayblossom, Mayflower, quickthorn, whitethorn and motherdie Parts used are flowers, fruits, leaves and twigs of Crataegus monogyna Jacquin and related Crataegus species. Its product has a slow onset of action. It acts on cardiac or circulatory problems by causing dilation of blood vessels and reduction in blood pressure Is used prophylactically in angina pectoris. Contains neither cardiotonic glycosides nor alkaloids

98. Toxicity from ingestion is associated only with high doses. It contain a number of saponins. The aglycones of which are triterpenic acids, and it is rich in flavonoid glycosides which is the active constituents. Large amount may cause sedation and/or significant drop in blood pressure resulting in faintness The young leaves are good in salads The haws are used to make wine, jelly and to add flavor to brandy

99. HEDGE HYSSOP Other names Genadekruid, Graciola, Hedge Hyssop, Hedgehyssop, Hudaverdi, Hyssop,Hedge Is the dried tops Gratiola officinalis Linné (Fam.Scrophulariaceae) Has a long history of use as a cathartic, diuretic, and emetic. Used for treatment of chronic ailments of the liver and spleen but with no scientific evidence that supports its effectiveness. Its known constituents includes betulinic acid, a triterpenic acid, and gratiolin, a triterpenic saponin

100. root and the flowering herb are cardiac, diuretic, violently purgative and vermifuge can be used in coughs, bronchitis, and chronic catarrh can be used in anxiety and stress states and it has been used in the treatment of hysteria and petit mal

101. HIBISCUS Other names are Indian-sorrel, red-sorrel roselle, sorrel, and Florida cranberry Is a dried, fleshy, ruby-red calyxes of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linné (Fam. Malvaceae) Calyxes contain a large concentrations of oxalic, malic, citrìc, tartaric, and hibiscic acid ( the lactone of hydroxycitric acid) which imparts the beverage a refreshing aromatic taste and a mild laxative action. dried calyces contain the flavonoids gossypetine, hibiscetine and sabdaretine

102. in Africa, they are frequently cooked as a side-dish eaten with pulverized peanuts Seeds are roasted as substitute for coffee because of its bitter taste and is used to feed chicken Used in food additives as flavoring, human food beverage base and vegetable, in medicine as folklore Infusions of the leaves or calyces are regarded as diuretic, cholerectic, febrifugal and hypotensive, decreasing the viscosity of the blood and stimulating intestinal peristalsis. the aqueous extract and the coloring matter of the calyces are lethal to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

103. HONEY Other names is mel, melliferous, nectariferous, nectarous is a sweet and viscous fluid produced by honey bees derived from nectar of flowers Is a saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb by the bee Apis mellifera Linné (Fam. Apidae) Its major constituents are dextrose and fructose. Some are sucrose, small quantities of carbohydrates, volatile oils, pigments, and polen grains are also present. Is a useful nutrient and sweetener Used as a demulcent in cough preparations

104. Used as an antimicrobial agent useful in treating MRSA infections The antibacterial and antiseptic properties of honey aid in healing sore throats and laryngitis topical use of honey may reduce odors, swelling, and scarring when used to treat wounds Honey has been shown to be an effective treatment for conjunctivitis in rats Also used as vermifuge when mixed with vinegar and water

105. HOPS Other name is humulus, houblon, lupulin Consists of the dried strobile of Humulus lupulus Linné (Fam. Moraceae) which bear glandular hairs known as lupulin, which contain most of bitter principles its principal constituents are contained in a volatile oil fraction (0.3 to 1%) and a resinous fraction (30 %) Volatile oils from hops has contain minor constituents such as ß-Myrcene, humulene, esters of myrcenol and linalool

106. Is rich in vitamin B-complex Humulone and lupulone derivatives isomerize to produce principles whose bitter taste and bacteriostatic properties account for the use of hops in the brewing process. have a sedative effect Extracts are widely employed in OTC sedative preparations Widely used to relieve insomnia Acts as a stimulant to the glands and muscles of the stomach w/c calms the gastric nerves preventing hyperexcitability.

107. May cause drowsiness during daytime and maybe associated with allergic symptoms Marketed as a legal intoxicant Said to produce a mild sensation of euphoria when smoked Prolonged use produces side effects including dizziness, intoxication, and jaundice

108. HOREHOUND Other names are white horehound, Acylated flavonoid, bull’s blood, blanc rubi, haran-haran, herbe vierge, Is dried leaves and flowering tops of Marrubium vulgare Linné (Fam. Labiatae) Material has been used as an expectorant and flavoring agent in cough preparations. Distinctive taste of horehound preparations is contributed by volatile oil fraction and marrubiin, a hydroxyditerpenoid lactone

109. used as a natural grasshopper repellant in agriculture. hypoglycemic agent for diabetes mellitus and as a non-opioid pain reliever may lower cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels. has been used traditionally to treat intestinal disorders has traditionally been used for pain and spasms from menstruation or intestinal conditions

110. HORSE CHESTNUT Other names are buckeye, Spanish chestnut Consist of seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum Linné (Fam. Hippocastanaceae) Seeds contain approximately 3% of a mixture of saponins of the ß-amyrin type known as aescin Extracts, purified and chemically modified aescin has an anti-inflammatory and antiexudative properties Treats varicose veins and hemorrhoids

111. Aescin tends to normalize increased blood vessel wall permeability and reduce edema in surrounding tissues. Increase tonus of the veins, facilitating return blood flow to the heart Raw horse chestnut seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers contain esculin, which is poisonous. In Japan, an injectable form of Horse Chestnut is used to reduce inflammation after surgery or injury

112. HORSETAIL Other name are scouring-rush, Equisetum, candock Equisetium arvense Linné, a rushlike perennial plant with hollow, jointed stems and scalelike leaves. Stems contains large amount of silica (5 to 8%) and salicic acid Is characterize as a valuable diuretic and astringent for the treatment of various kidney and bladder ailments and as an antioxidant

113. Also used as a metal polisher may also be effective in supportive therapy for osteoporosis, increasing bone density can be applied externally to treat burns (1 st degree), fractures, sprains, rheumatic conditions and wounds Some studies have found that horsetail also may help improve memory and cognitive function and may also have anticonvulsant properties

114. HYSSOP Other names are Curdukotu, Hastipippili , Hisopo, Hyssop, Yanagi-Hakka the dried leaves and young tops of Hyssopus officionale Linné (Fam. Labiatae) Is a volatile-oil-containing plant Volatile oil constituents are cadinene, α -pinene, -pinocampheol, and pinocamphone used as an ingredient in eau de Cologne and the liqueur Chartreuse

115. leaves have a slightly bitter minty flavor and can be added to soups, salads or meats Used occasionally as a flavoring agent and a decoction has been employed in folkloric medicine such as catharsis, chronic catarrh, disease of the chest, fever and rheumatism Are strongly aromatic

116. KELP the term kelp is applied to the group of brown algae with large, flat and leaflike fronds Belong to the order Laminariaales and includes the species Macrocystis , Nereocystis and Laminaria Serves as a source of sodium alginate and also contain potassium Powder kelp contains minerals especially iodine, may range from less than 0.1% to more than 0.5% on a dry-weight basis

117. It is a useful agent in the control of obesity Iodine content of kelp is postulated and stimulates the production of iodine-containing thyroid hormones also contains iron, sodium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is a source of vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D and E, plus amino acid and a salt substitute

118. LECITHIN Is a mixture of phosphatides that yields, on hydrolysis, α - or ß-glycerophosphoric acid, fatty acids, and choline It occurs in natural sources including eggs, brain tissue, and many vegetable oils, and in soybeans as the principal commercial source today It is produced daily by the liver if the diet is adequate used commercially in substances requiring a natural emulsifier and/or lubricant

119. is regarded as a well-tolerated and non-toxic surfactant Daily ingestion is recommended for the treatment of such conditions as gallstones, atherosclerosis, and various skin and nerve disorders protects cells from oxidation and largely comprises the protective sheaths surrounding the brain Lecithin is active in preventing vascular disease

120. LIFE ROOT Other names are golden ragwort, golden senecio, squaw weed, golden groundsel, cocash weed, coughweed, ragwort, grundy swallow Dried plant of Senecio aureus Linné (Fam. Compositae) Identified with several toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including sebecionine, otosenine, florosenine and floridanine, and eremophilane sesquiterpenes, resins

121. Its carcinogenic in nature renders it inadvisable to use Its action is a uterine tonic, often used for delayed or absent menstruation, womb relaxant, diuretic, mild expectorant, pectoral, astringent, emmenagogue is also given to ease menopausal symptoms such as flushes and nervous and emotional upset may be used topically as a douche in the treatment of leucorrhoea

122. LINDEN FLOWERS Others names are lime blossom and lime flower Linden flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are the parts used for medicinal purposes A Tilia specie (Fam. Tiliaceae) major active constituents in linden are flavonoids, glycosides, and possibly a volatile oil but free of xanthine bases act as a diaphoretic when consumed as a hot tea

123. clinical trials have shown that tea can help people with mild gallbladder problems, upset stomach or dyspepsia, and excessive gas that causes the stomach to push up and put pressure on the heart (also known as the gastrocardiac syndrome.) used medicinally as a calming agent and to relieve indigestion, the common cold, headaches and nervousness

124. LOVAGE Other name is celery The dried rhizome and roots of Levisticum officinale Koch (Fam. Umbelliferae) Contains several coumarins and up to 1% volatile oils used primarily in the treatment of indigestion, poor appetite, wind, colic and bronchitis roots, leaves and fruits are antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, mildly expectorant and stimulant

125. Externally, the root is used in the treatment of sore throats and aphthous ulcers Leaves and stems are used as a savory flavoring in salads, soups, stews, imparting a yeasty/celery flavor an essential oil from the plant is used in perfumery

126. MARIGOLD Also known as Pot Marigold or English Marigold The dried ligulate florets of Calendula officinalis Linné (Fam. Compositae) Contains bitter principles, carotenoids, flavonoids, and a saponin Has been applied locally as a vulnerary in chronic skin ulcers, contusions, cuts, hemorrhoids, sprains, and warts

127. Has also achieved some popularity as an aromatic bitter, a hair rinse, and a diaphoretic bath used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, and as a bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory petals and pollen contain triterpenoid esters (an anti-inflammatory) and flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (antioxidants, and the source of the yellow-orange coloration)

128. MISTLETOE Family of Loranthaceae, consist of 20 genera, but only two are encountered in the market- place, these are: AMERICAN MISTLETOE Phoradendron tomentosum (De Candolle) Engelmann subspecies macrophyllum (Cockerell) Wiens. Is synonymous with P. serotinum and P. flavescens. stimulate smooth muscles, causing a rise in blood pressure and an increase in uterine and intestinal contractions

129. EUROPEAN MISTLETOE Is Viscum album Linné (Fam. Loranthaceae) Three subspecies are commonly recognized as album , growing on broad-leaved trees; abietis (Wiesbaur) Abromeit, growing on Abies alba , and austriacum (Weisbaur) Vollmann, growing on various Pinus and Picea species. Reduce blood pressure and acting as an anti- spasmodic and calmative agent

130. Berries of both types are considered poisonous Leaves used in the form of a tea have also been used as home remedies 2 plants have somewhat opposite effects Stems and leaves of both plants contain similar small basic toxic proteins, designated phoratoxin, when isolated from Phoradendron , and viscotoxin, when obtained from various subspecies of Viscum album

131. Phoratoxin and viscotoxin produce similar physiologic effect when intravenously injected In mammals, these include hypotension, bradycardia, negative inotropic effect on the heart muscles, and vasoconstrictions of vessels in skin and skeletal muscles Exhibited no antibiotic effect against bacteria and fungi Mistletoe tea is recommended by many herbs and “health foods” writers as a treatment for anxiety and cancer

132. MORMON TEA Other names are Mexican tea, teamster’s tea, squaw tea, and popotillo, Brigham tea Consist of the stems and branches of Ephedra nevadensis Watsons, (Fam. Gnetaceae), a small, erect shrub with divergent branches Strong infusion of the plant was highly regarded in the treatment of syphilis and gonorrhea Taste is quite astringent because of its high tannin content

133. A pleasant substitute for caffeine-containing ordinary tea and coffee Doesn’t contain ephedrine Have a mild diuretic effect and is slightly constipating also described as a remedy for colds and kidney disorders it works as a decongestant and asthma remedy In the desert, people chew a piece of the twig to relieve the pain of sunburned lips

134. MUIRNA PUAMA Other names are potency wood, marapuama, marapama, muiratã, muiratam, pau-homen, potenzholz Derived from Liriosma ovata Miers or Acanthea virilis (nom. Nudum) Has a long history of use in Brazilian folk medicine as a remedy for impotence It is recommended as an aphrodisiac has also been used as a tonic for nervous conditions and depressions

135. Have identified lupeol in the bark and campestrol and ß-sitosterol Roots are considered especially active used to treat dysentery and rheumatism a paste of the bark and/or root oils has also been applied topically to treat beriberi and paralysis also been used for gastrointestinal disorders and as a treatment for indigestion It is also used to naturally treat hair loss

136. OREGANO Other name is wild marjoram The dried leaves and flowering tops of Origanum vulgare Linné (Fam. Labiatae) Main constituents include carvacrol, thymol, limonene, pinene, ocimene, and caryophyllene Widely used as a culinary flavoring agent Also recommended as carminative, a diaphoretic, an emmenagogue, tonic, and for the relief of arthritic joints and nervous headaches.

137. Is high in antioxidant activity, due to a high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes . useful for relieving children's coughs Its most common use involves the treatment of toothaches and oral inflammations taken by mouth for the treatment of colds, influenza, mild fevers, indigestion, stomach upsets and painful menstruation

138. PANGAMIC ACID ( Calcium Pangamate) Other name is Vitamin B 15 is a mechanical mixture of 61.5% of calcium gluconate and 38.5% of dimethylglycine Has been claimed to increase tissue respiration, restore impaired metabolism in the myocardium, to dilate the venous blood vessels and to exhibit lipotropic function Recommended remedy for heart disease and may be useful in treating blood abnormalities, asthma, emphysema, alcoholism, diabetes, and fatigue

139. But none of these activities has been scientifically proved and is not recognize as essential in human nutrition and is, therefore, not a vitamin Dichloracetate is a component of some pangamic products has caused adverse reaction in diabetic patients including mild sedation and increased serum uric acid levels Must be considered as totally without merit

140. PARSLEY Petroselinum crispum (Fam. Umbelliferae) have been used primarily as diuretics and stomachics Leaves are widely employed as culinary garnish Is a rich, natural source of carotene, ascorbic acid, iron, and other minerals Its volatile content varies from less than 0.1 % in the root, to about 0.3% in the leaf, and to 2 to 7 % in the fruit

141. Some yield oils rich in apiol, replaced by myristicin, both are uterine stimulant accounting for the use of parsley as an emmenagogue and its misuse as an abortifacient Tea may be used as an enema, control high blood pressure and used as a tonic to strengthen the bladder When crushed and rubbed on the skin it reduce mosquito bites When chewed it can freshen bad breath

142. PASSIFLORA Other names are passion flower, Maracuja, maypop, saa't gulu, ward assa'ah, granadilla, passionvine, maracoc, apricot-vine Used of the dried flowering and fruiting tops of Passsiflora incarnata Linné (Fam. Pasifloraceae) Use as calmative agent for nervous unrest and as a sedative As of 1978, the FDA stated that passiflora doesn’t received valid scientific evidence for its use as a sedative or nighttime sleep-aid

143. Main actions: relieves pain, reduces anxiety, relieves depression, reduces inflammation, stops convulsion, reduces spasms, calms nerves, tranquilizes , expels worms, increases urination, kills germs, lowers blood pressure, and enhances libido

144. PÁU D’ ARCO Other names are taheebo, ipe roxo, lapacho, and tabebuia Consist of inner bark of Tabebuia impetiginosa ( Fam. Bignoniaceae) Inner bark of Tecoma curialis Soldanha da Gamma is also sometimes marketed as páu d’ arco Tea made from its bark is an effective antineoplastic agent Extracts showed only minor antitumor activity

145. Barks is rich in lapachol, a naphthoquinine derivative, and is effective against various animal cancers but produced toxic side effects in humans páu d’ arco continues to be sold in the market as dietary supplement claiming that it is effective against human cancers

146. PENNYROYAL Other name is american pennyroyal Dried leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegiodes Linné (Fam. Labiatae) Employed as a treatment of headache, and use as an aromatic stimulant, a carminative, a diaphoretic, and an emmenagogue Principal constituents of the volatile oil in pennyroyal include –methone, -isomenthone, and pulegone

147. Therapeutic use of the plant material and volatile oils has been abandoned because of no substantive evidence supports its claims of treatment for headache and use as an emmenagogue.

148. POKE ROOT Other names are American nightshade, cancer jalap, coakum, garget, inkberry, pigeon berry, pocan bush,, pokeweed, redweed, scoke and red ink plant Dried root of Phytolacca americana Linné (Fam.Phytolaccaceae) Has an emetic and cathartic properties, use for the treatment of dyspepsia and chronic rheumatism Effective in treating dysmenorrhea to ringworm

149. Roots are quite toxic and mitogenic Roots are not to be sold as herbal beverage or food anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-cancer, expectorant, emetic, cathartic, narcotic, hypnotic, insecticide and purgative

150. POLLEN is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes (pollen grains), which produce the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants Contains small amounts of vitamins and minerals, as well as protein, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, and other constituents

151. PROPOLIS Other name is bee glue, prropolis balsam, hive dross, propolis wax A brownish resinous material collected by bees from the buds of various popular and conifer trees Commercial preparations are in the form of capsules mixed with bee pollen Advertised as a natural antibiotic, relief of inflammations, viral diseases, ulcers, superficial burns Possesses a modest antibacterial and antifungal properties

152. RED BUSH TEA Other names are rooibos tea, and red tea Consist of dried flowering twigs of Aspalathus linearis (Fam. Legumenosae) Contains no xanthin bases Claimed to be useful as a stomachic w/o adverse cardiac or gastrointestinal effects Has high level of antioxidants, no caffeine, and low tannin levels

153. ROSE HIPS Other names are hip berry, Rosa species, rose haws, rose heps, wild boar fruit The fruit of Rosa canina Linné (Fam. Rosaceae) contain concentrations of ascorbic acid one assumes that commercial rose hips contain high ascorbic acid concentration of 1% There are commercial preparation of vitamin C in combination of ascorbic acid and rose hips used as an herbal tea, often blended with hibiscus and as an oil used for the creation of jam, jelly, syrup, beverages, pies, bread and marmalade

154. ROYAL JELLY Apilak, Gelee Royale, and Queen Bee Jelly Is a milky, white, highly viscous secretion from the paired salivary glands of the worker honey bee, Apis mellifera Linné ( Fam. Apidae) Contains protein, lipids, fatty acids (including 10-hyddroxy- Δ 2 -decenoic acid and 9-oxo- Δ 2 -decenoic acid) , vitamins of B-complex (panthothenic acid) Available in forms of lotions, creams, soaps, capsules, and injections Used as tonic and to ease suffering of degenerative diseases has been reported as a possible immunomodulatory agent in Graves' disease

155. SARSAPARILLA Other names are khao Yen, Sarsa, Smilace, Smilax, Smilax aristolochiifolia, Smilax glabra, Smilax officinalis, Smilax regelii, Tufuling The dried root of various Smilax species (Fam. Liliceae) Used as an alternative, an anti-rheumatic, a pectoral, tonic, a “blood purifier” and as a specific for syphilis A source of sarsasapogenin and smilagenin Its primary use includes flavoring of beverages, and folk medicine

156. Sassafras Botanical Origin: Sassafras albidum (fam. Lauraceae) Active Constiruents : aromatic oil (5%-9%), 80% safrole (phenolic ether) Uses: widely uses in the preparation of a tea employed as a spring tonic and blood thinner

157. Schisandra Botanical Origin: Schisandra chinensis (fam. Schisandraceae) Uses: antiseptic, astringent, tonic, liver protectant. It is an adaptogen (an agent that increases bodily resistance to all forms of stress, including various disease states). It has a nicotinic effect on the ganglia, stimulating at low doses and blockiing at higher doses.

158. Selenium - it is toxic; the daily intake, including dietary sources, should not exceed 200 mcg for the average adult. Uses: anticancer (leukemia, cancer of the breast, large intestine, lung, ovary, prostate and rectum)

159. Senega snakeroot Botanical Origin: Polygala senega (fam. Polygalacea) Active Constituent: triterpenic saponins Uses: expectorant, emetic, purging

160. Senna Botanical Origin: Cassia spp . Other Names: senna or senna leaves Active Constituent: dimeric anthrone glycosides Uses: laxative *Ingestion of senna tea can result in diarrhea, dehydration, and related complications.

161. Spirulina Is a blue-green alga ordinarily obtained from Spirulina maxima (Mexico) or S. platensis (Thailand and California) Advertised by promoters as a “super food” and a “safe diet pill” Contains 50-70% protein, but on a comparative weight basis, is inferior to more customary protein sources(e.g. eggs, milk, beef)

162. Spirulina plant and drug

163. Super Oxide Dismutase Commonly known as SOD Water-soluble metalloprotein (molecular weight approximately 32,000 daltons) usually obtained from the liver or red blood cells of the ox (Bos taurus) . Catalyzes the dismutation of the potentially cytotoxic superoxide radical Thought to protect cell membranes against damage from reaction products associated with superoxide and hydroxyl radicals produced as a result of inflammation

164. Super Oxide Dismutase The drug is used to treat inflammatory conditions in veterinary practice, particularly in horses. Administered IM or SC injections Oral administration is beneficial in the treatment of arthritis, providing protection from radiation, and in retarding the aging process

165. Tamarind Is the partially dried ripe fruit of Tamarindus indica (Fam. Leguminosae) that has been deprived of the outer layer of pericarp and preserved with sugar. The plant material is rich in citric and tartaric acids. It has a reputation of usefulness in treatment of dysentery and fevers. It has been once used as a laxative.

166. Tamarind fruits

167. Tarragon The dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia dracunculus (Fam. Compositae) Usually employed as a flavoring agent, especially in vinegar. It has been described as an aromatic bitter, a diaphoretic, an emmenagogue, and a mild sedative

168. Tarragon plant with flowers

169. Tienchi Also known as tienchi-ginseng and sanchi Is the root of Panax notoginseng it contains the same type of saponin glycosides found in ginseng, and its physiologic activity and use are comparable to that drug. A number of tienchi products, including whole and powdered root, are currently marketed

170. Tienchi Ginseng plant

171. Tonka Beans From Dipteryx odorata The beans are highly aromatic and were once valued as a flavor. It has been prohibited because of its hepatotoxic properties. The product has been implicated in the induction of hemorrhagic diathesis in human beings. Often sold in health-foods” stores used in various teas for their “tonic” propeties.

172. Fresh(left) and dried(left) Tonka beans

173. L-Tryptophan Used in inducing sleep for both normal human beings and in mild insomniacs Probable mechanism of action of the relatively high single dose of the pure amino acid is an increase of serotonin in the serotonergic neurons of the brain.

174. Turmeric Also known as curcuma Is the prepared rhizome of Curcuma longa (Fam. Zingiberaceae) The fresh plant material is treated by scalding or boiling prior to drying. Used primarily as a coloring agent and condiment in curry powders, prepared mustards, and pickles, turmeric has also been employed to stimulate biliary secretions and to treat gallstones.

175. Turmeric powder and plant

176. Uva Ursi Leaves are readily available in the form of herbal teas. The plant material is a diuretic and a weak urinary antiseptic, but more effective drugs than urva ursi are known for most conditions requiring these properties.

177. Uva ursi plant with fruits

178. Valerian Consists of the dried rhizome and roots of Valeria officinalis (Valerianaceae) or, sometimes, of V. mexicana The drug has been employed as a calmative in nervousness and hysteria for at least 1000 years.

179. Valeria plant with flowers

180. Wild Lettuce Lactuca virosa (Fam. Compositae) Claims for the presence of active principles, such as morphine or hyoscyamine, were made during the last century but were made during the last century but were never verified. “Modern medicine considers its sleep-producing qualities a superstition, its therapeutic action doubtful or nil.”

181. Wild Lettuce plant

182. Wormwood The dried leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia absinthium (Fam. Compositae) Has a history of use as an aromatic bitter for flatulence and indigestion, as a diaphoretic, and as a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages, in which it allegedly produced a “narcotic” action for relief of general weakness. The volatile oil has been associate with both acute and chronic toxicity, owing in significant part to its thujone content.

183. Yarrow The flowering tops of Achillea millefolium (Fam. Compositae) Also known as milfoil Both flowers and leaves contain an aromatic volatile oil which like that of chamomile, is blue in color owing to the presence of chamzulene Other bitter and astringent principles are also present in the plant.

184. Golden Yarrow plant

185. Yohimbe Is the dried bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe (Fam. Rubiaceae) The bark contains up to 6.1% of a mixture of alkaloids, principally yohimbine. Both yohimbe and yohimbine have been employed in folk medicine as aphrodisiacs. The drug dilates the peripheral blood vessels in the sexual organs and increased reflex excitability in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

186. Yucca The dried leaves of 1 or more of the 40-odd species of Yucca (Fam. Agavaceae) occurring in the southern part of North America constitute the drug known as yucca According to a statement issued by the Arthritis Foundation, there is no proper scientific evidence that yucca tablets are useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. They are probable harmless in themselves, but the real danger is substituting them for proven treatment procedures, thus leading to irreversible joint damage and possible permanent disabilities.

187. Yucca plant