Herbs as a raw material ppt.pptx

As per PCI 6th sem syllabus HDT chapter 1

1. Herbs as Raw Materials Prepared by: Akshata A Jain M-pharm (Pharmaceutics)

2. Herbs are used by the mankind since its origin on the earth, to alleviate human illness &maintenance of general health. As per WHO, 80% of world population of the developing countries still rely on the crude drugs & medicines for their primary health care needs. The term medicinal plant includes various types of plants which contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purpose. Introduction:

3. The term herbal drugs denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple process involving harvesting, drying & storage. Several problems not applicable to synthetic drugs often influence the quality of herbal drugs. F or instance : Herbal drugs are mixtures of many constituents. The active principles in most cases are unknown. Selective analytical methods & reference compounds may not be available commercially. Plant materials are chemically & naturally variable. The sources & quality of the raw material are variable.

4. Medicinal herbs & its applications

5. Herbs : Herbs refer to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while spices are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including seeds , berries, bark, roots and fruits. The word herb is derived from the Latin word " herba " which means grass, green stalk or blades Depending upon the perspectives, the word herb has different meanings. In commercial terms: Herbs gently refers the plants used for culinary purposes.

6. In horticulture: Herbs refers to herbaceous, describes the exterior of plant In botany: Herbs refers to entire or aerial parts of small, annual or biennial, non-woody plant. In taxonomy: Herbs refer to above ground/aerial parts such as leaf, flower and stem. HERBAL MEDICINE These consist of medicinal plants or any parts of medicinal plants, usually in unprocessed or crude forms which have medicinal value. They include different parts of plants like entire aerial part, roots, rhizomes, stem, leaves, flower, fruits, seeds, bark et c.

7. WHO GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL MEDICINES 1 . Herbal medicines are finished labelled medicinal product that contain active ingredients; aerial or underground parts of plants or combination of plants, either in crude or processed formulations. 2 . Herbal medicines may include juices, gums, volatile oils, fixed oils or other substances derived from plants. 3 . Herbal medicines might possess excipients. 4 . Medicines possessing crude material mixed with chemically distinct substances including isolated phytoconstituents are not termed as herbal medicines. 5 . The main objectives are: a . Provisions for recommended general test methods . b. General limits for contamination for herbal drugs

8. HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCT Products Produced from herbs and used in medicinal purposes are called Herbal medicinal Products. These are defined as any medicinal product, exclusively containing one or more active ingredients of herbal origin. In addition they may contain excipients. In India there are variety of herbal medicinal products that are produced as well as exported to other countries which play an important contribution in country's GDP

9. HERBAL DRUG PREPARATION The different types of preparations prepared for the herbs in order to enhance the bioavailability as well as palatability are called herbal drug preparations. These are preparations derived from herbal drugs which are prepared by various techniques like extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration and fermentation . Herbal drug preparation are available in market in the form of powders, extracts, tinctures, fixed oils, volatile oils, resins, gums, etc. Volatile oils Tinctures Powders Resins Extracts

10. Herbal drug preparation techniques Soxhlet extraction Using mortar & pestle

11. SOURCES OF HERBS ❖ Herbs are important source of therapeutically active constituents which affect the living organisms. The Sources of Herbs are: Biological Source Geographical Source Marine Source Plant tissue culture

12. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE Plants have been used in the treatment of various diseases from ancient times . Ayurveda , Siddha, Unani systems are based on the use of plants & other natural substances. The Microbes are microscopic organism which includes viruses, bacteria etc. These micro organisms are source of many immunobooster .

13. 2. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE The two factors determine the commercial geographical sources of a crude drug: Suitability of the plant/drug to specific environment The economic factors associated with the production of a drug in a particular area.

14. 3. MARINE SOURCE • This is a branch of Pharmacognosy deals with naturally occurring substances or drugs of therapeutic value from marine sources. Examples :- Cephalosporin, Sinularin , Asperidol .

15. 4. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Plant tissue culture is in vitro cultivation of plant cell or tissue under aseptic and controlled environmental conditions, in liquid or on semisolid well-defined nutrient medium for the production of primary and secondary metabolites or to regenerate plant.

16. SELECTION,IDENTIFICATION & AUTHENTICATION OF HERBALS Medicinal Plant is a plant that can be utilized for one or more medicinal purposes or as precursor for pharmaceutical semi synthesis. SELECTION OF HERBS : The species or botanical variety selected for cultivation should be the same as specified in the official Pharmacopoeia or official document. In case of newly introduced medicinal plants, the variety selected for cultivation should be identified and documented.

17. IDENTIFICATION & AUTHENTICATION Botanical Identity: The species, subspecies, genus, variety etc. of the plant for cultivation should be verified from a qualified botanist/Institute and recorded . 2. Specimens : In case of a new plant with medicinal properties whose identity is not known, a specimen of the plant should be submitted to a national herbarium for identification and documented. 3. Seeds and other propagation materials: The suppliers of seeds and other propagation materials should specify all the necessary information relating to the identity, quality as well as their breeding history.

18. PROCESSING OF HERBAL RAW MATERIAL AS per WHO guidelines medicinal plants or crude drugs should be harvested and collected only when plant possess maximum amount of therapeutically active phytoconstituents . Processing of raw material is performed in two steps- Primary Processing Specific Processing

19. Processing of herbal raw materials involves various stages for which the crude drugs undergo after harvesting. Processing is classified as primary and Specific processing which are further subcategorized as follows Primary processing Specific processing Garbling (Dressing) Cutting/ Sectioning Washing Ageing / Sweating Boiling Baking / Roasting Leaching Boiling / Streaming Drying Stir/ Frying Fumigation

20. Recent Techniques for standardization of Herbal Drugs Fingerprinting and Marker compound Analysis TLC HPTLC HPLC LC-MS • GC-MS