HERNIA & HIATAL HERNIA - GI DISORDERS.pptx

This PPT is useful for GNM-II Year & B.Sc.N. Sem.-3,4. Post Basic B.Sc.N. 1 year.

1. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha By, Ahmed Sodha M.Sc.(N). – M.S.N. HERNIA

2. HERNIA ( હેર્નિયા ) Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

3. TYPES OF HERNIA Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

4. Definition:- It’s Defined As A Bulging Of An Organ Or Tissue Through An Abnormal Opening /  Through The Wall Of The Cavity / A Weak Spot In A Surrounding Muscle. A Hernia Usually Happens In Your Abdomen Or Groin, When One Of Your Body Organs Pushes Through The Muscle Or Tissue That Contains It. It May Look Like An Odd Bulge That Comes And Goes During Different Activities Or In Different Positions. It May Or May Not Cause Symptoms, Such As Discomfort Or Pain. Most Hernias Eventually Will Need Surgical Repair. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

5. Etiology / Risk Factors:- A Hernia Occurs When A Weakness Or A Preexisting Opening In Your Muscle Or Connective Tissue Allows An Organ Or Other Tissue To Push Through The Barrier. Sometimes The Weakness Or Opening Is Present At Birth, But Usually, It Develops During Your Lifetime. A Traumatic Injury Or Surgery Any Activity That Raises The Pressure Inside The Belly Heavy Lifting Chronic Cough Or Chronic Sneezing History Of Abdominal Or Pelvic Surgery. Pregnancy, Especially Repeat Pregnancies Obesity Fluid In The Abdomen (Ascites) Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

6. Types:- Inguinal Hernia:- Inguinal Hernias Are The Most Common Type. It is more common in men. This Happen When Part Of Your Bowel (Intestine) Protrudes Into Your Inguinal Canal. It may go all the way down into the scrotum . Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

7. Types:- Femoral Hernia:- This usually occurs when fatty tissue or a part of your bowel pokes through femoral canal. Type Is More Common In Women Than Men. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

8. Types:- Hiatal Hernia:- A Hiatal Hernia Is Another Common Type Of Hernia That You Acquire During Your Lifetime. It Happens When The Opening In Your Diaphragm — Where Your Esophagus Passes Through — Widens, And The Top Of Your Stomach Pushes Up Through The Opening Into Your Chest. Incisional Hernia:- An Incisional Hernia Occurs When Tissue Protrudes At The Site Of A Previous Surgical Incision In Your Abdominal Wall That Weakened Over Time. It’s A Common Side Effect Of Abdominal Surgery. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

9. Umbilical Hernia:- An Umbilical Hernia Occurs When Part Of Your Intestine Pokes Through An Opening In Your Abdominal Wall Near Your Belly Button. Most Umbilical Hernias Are Congenital (Present From Birth). Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

10. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia:- It Is A Serious Birth Defect In Which The Diaphragm Doesn’t Close During Fetal Development. It Can Cause Abdominal Organs To Slip Up Into The Chest Cavity. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

11. Ventral Hernia:- A Ventral (Abdominal) Hernia Refers To Any Protrusion Of Intestine Or Other Tissue Through A Weakness Or Gap In The Abdominal Wall. Umbilical And Incisional Hernias Are Specific Types Of Ventral Hernias. Perineal Hernia:- It Is A Hernia Involving The Perineum (Pelvic Floor). The Hernia May Contain Fluid, Fat, Any Part Of The Intestine, The Rectum, Or The Bladder. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

12. Clinical Manifestations:- Symptoms Include A Bulge, Swelling, Or Pain. In Some Cases, There Are No Symptoms. If The Bowel Is Obstructed, Then Nausea, Vomiting, And Constipation May Occur. You’re More Likely To Feel Your Hernia Through Touch When You’re Standing Up, Bending Down, Or Coughing. Discomfort Or Pain In The Area Around The Lump May Also Be Present. Some Types Of Hernia, Such As Hiatal Hernias, Can Have More Specific Symptoms. These Can Include Heartburn, Trouble Swallowing, And Chest Pain. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

13. Diagnostic Evaluation:- History Collection & Physical Examination Abdomen USG X-Ray CT-Scan & MRI Endoscopy Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

14. Treatment:- Surgery Is The Only Treatment That Can Permanently Fix A Hernia. Hernia Repair Surgery Is Common And Generally A Minor Procedure Unless There Are Complications. Your Surgeon Will Push The Herniated Tissue Back Into Place And Reinforce The Barrier It Pushed Through With Stitches Or With Surgical Mesh. Surgeons Can Often Use Minimally-invasive Methods For A Routine Hernia Repair, Which Means Smaller Incisions, Less Postoperative Pain And A Faster Recovery. Laparoscopic Surgery Uses A Laparoscope — A Long, Thin Tube With A Lighted Camera On The End — To Look Inside The Surgical Site. The Laparoscope Goes In One Small Hole And Long, Thin Surgical Tools Go Through Another. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

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16. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha Hernia Repair with Mesh

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18. Herniotomy (Removal Of The Hernial Sac Only). Herniorrhaphy (Herniotomy Plus Repair Of The Posterior Wall Of The Inguinal Canal). Hernioplasty (Herniotomy Plus Reinforcement Of The Posterior Wall Of The Inguinal Canal With A Synthetic Mesh). Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

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21. Hiatal Hernia ( હયાટલ હર્નીયા ) :- Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

22. Hiatal Hernia:- A Hiatal Hernia Happens When The Top Of Your Stomach Bulges Through An Opening In Your Diaphragm.  Your Diaphragm Has A Small Opening Called Hiatus Through Which Esophagus Passes & Connecting To Stomach. In A Hiatal Hernia, The Stomach Pushes Up Through This Hiatus Opening Into Your Chest. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

23. Etiology / Risk Factors:- A Hiatal Hernia Occurs When Weakened Muscle Tissue Allows Your Stomach To Bulge Up Through Your Diaphragm. Age Related Changes In Your Diaphragm Injury To Diaphragm Being Born With An Unusually Large Hiatus Persistent And Intense Pressure On The Surrounding Muscles, Such As While Coughing, Vomiting, Exercising Or Lifting Heavy Objects Obesity Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

24. Types:- There Are Two Main Types: Sliding Hiatal Hernias And Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias. Sliding Hiatal Hernia / Type-1:- In This The Part Of Your Esophagus That Connects To Your Stomach Slides Up Through The Widened Hiatus At Times And Then Slides Back Down. Paraesophageal Hernia / Type-2:- Paraesophageal Means Beside The Esophagus. The Upper Part Of Your Stomach Pushes Up Through The Hiatus Alongside Your Esophagus, Forming A Bulge Next To It. This Is Also Called A “Rolling Hiatal Hernia.” Type-3:- It Is Mix Of The First Two Types. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

25. Clinical Manifestations:- Most Small Hiatal Hernias Cause No Signs Or Symptoms. But Larger Hiatal Hernias Can. Heartburn Regurgitation Of Food Or Liquids Into The Mouth Backflow Of Stomach Acid Into The Esophagus (Acid Reflux) Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia) Chest Or Abdominal Pain Feeling Full Soon After You Eat Shortness Of Breath Nausea & Vomiting Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

26. Diagnostic Evaluation:- History Collection & Physical Examination X-Ray, CT-Scan, MRI Endoscopy Esophageal Manometry Test Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

27. Treatment:- If You Experience Signs And Symptoms, Such As Recurrent Heartburn And Acid Reflux, You May Need Medication Or Surgery. Proton Pump Inhibitors (Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole) Histamine H2-Antagonist (Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, & Ranitidine) Antacids ( Aluminium Hydroxide, Magnesium Carbonate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Magnesium Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate) Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

28. Surgical Treatment:- Sometimes A Hiatal Hernia Requires Surgery. Fundoplication:- Pulling Your Stomach And Lower Esophagus Back Under Your Diaphragm. Closing The Hole In Your Diaphragm Where The Hernia Came Through. Tightening The Junction Between Your Stomach And Your Esophagus. Endoluminal Fundoplication Endoluminal Fundoplication Is A Newer Procedure, And It’s The Least Invasive Option. No Incisions Will Be Made. Surgeon Will Insert An Endoscope, Into The Esophagus. Then They’ll Place Small Clips At The Point Where The Stomach Meets The Esophagus. These Clips Can Help Prevent Stomach Acid And Food From Backing Up Into The Esophagus. Prepared By - Ahmed Sodha

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