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1. FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

2. FOOD SECURITY MEANS :
availability,
accessibility and
affordability of food to all people at all times.

3. FOOD SECURITY IS ENSURED IN A
COUNTRY ONLY IF
Enough food is available for all the persons
All persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable
quality and
There is no barrier on access to food.

4. NEED FOR FOOD SECURITY:
For the poor sections of the society
Natural disasters or calamity like earthquake,
drought, flood, tsunami,
Widespread crop failure due to drought

5. HOW DROUGHT AFFECTS FOOD
SECURITY
Drought takes place
Total
production of food
grains
Shortage of food in
the affected areas
Prices
Some people
cannot afford to buy food =
Food Insecurity

6. STARVATION
If such calamity happens in a very wide spread
area or is stretched over a longer time period, it
may cause a situation of starvation.

7. FAMINE
(EXTREME SCARCITY OF FOOD)
A massive starvation might take a turn of
famine.
A Famine is characterized by
1.widespread deaths and
2.epidemics

8. FAMINES AND STARVATION
DEATHS IN INDIA
 Bengal Famine, 1943
-killed 1.5 million to 3 million
The Bihar famine, 1966-7 
- 2,353 deaths due to starvation reported
Starvation deaths have also been reported in:
1.Kalahandi and Kashipur in Orissa
2.Baran district of Rajasthan,
3.Palamau district of Jharkhand
and many other remote areas during the recent
years.

9. FOOD INSECURE GROUPS
Worst Affected Groups:
landless people
traditional artisans
traditional services providers
petty self-employed workers
Homeless, beggars etc.
Families employed in ill-paid occupations
casual labourers (seasonal activities+ very low
wages)

10. SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower
castes among them) –having poor land-base or
very low land productivity
Migrants ( as a result of natural disasters )
Women and children

11. STATES FACING PROBLEM OF FOOD
INSECURITY
Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts),
Bihar,
Jharkhand,
Orissa,
West Bengal,
Chattisgarh,
parts of Madhya Pradesh and
Maharasthra

12. HUNGER, ANOTHER ASPECT OF
FOOD INSECURITY

13. HOW THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM WORKS:
Farmers
or
Producer
s
States
Fair
Price
Shops
F.C.I
(maintain
s Buffer
Stocks)
Grains
MSP
Allocates
Grains
Central Issue Price
C.I.P Distributes
Grains

14. GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
PDS (initial Public Distribution System scheme)
RPS (Revamped Public Distribution System)
TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System)
Special Schemes:
AAY (Antyodaya Anna Yojana)
APS (Annapurna Scheme)

16. ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT

17. Introduction
•The two things i.e development and environment is linked with
each other. The process of development is bound to have its
impact on environment.
•EIA is potentially one of the most valuable, interdisciplinary and
objective decision making tool with respect to alternative route
for development process, technology and project site.
•The objective of EIA is to ensure that development is sustained
with minimum environmental degradation.

18.  The ministry of Environment & Forest ( Government of India) has
been assigned the responsibility for appraisal of project with regard
to environment implication.
Environmental impact assessments commenced in the 1960s, as
part of increasing 
environmental awareness
.

In the United States, environmental impact assessments obtained
formal status in 1969, with enactment of the
 National
Environmental Policy Act. EIAs have been used increasingly around
the world. The number of "Environmental Assessments" filed every
year "has vastly overtaken the number of more
rigorous
 Environmental Impact Statements (EIS).“

19. The
 Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
Change
 (MoEFCC) of India has been in a great effort in
Environmental Impact Assessment in India. The main laws in
action are the Water Act(1974), the Indian
 Wildlife (Protection)
Act (1972), the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
(1981) and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986), Biological
Diversity Act(2002).

20. The ministry of Environment & Forest ( Government of
India) has been assigned the responsibility for appraisal of
project with regard to environment implication.
Size of the Project : Whither it transcend the local
significance.
a) Location of the Project – distance from Biosphere
reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Seashore,
site of scientific interest, human habitation, important
monument.

b) Adverse Impact : Pollutions and other adverse impact on
environment.


21. Defining EIA
 It means the identification or evaluation of any proposed
development project on our environment i,e air, water, soil
& living.
 The primary purpose of EIA is to encourage consideration
of the environment in planning and decision-making and
finally to arrive at actions that are more environmentally
compatible.
 It presents a clear & concise picture of all benefits & costs
associated with alternative courses of action & provides a
mechanism for merging the concerns for environment &
economics in the process of decision-making.

22. INDIAN SCENARIO:
Environmental clearance on the basis of Environmental Impact Assessment is
mandatory for various developments projects in most part of the world today.
In India, this was introduced as an administrative measures in 1978-79, initially
for river valley projects and extending later to industrial projects. There are
about 29 categories of projects (annexure-1) for which Environmental
Clearance was made mandatory by the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA)
Notification issued in January 1994 under the Environment Protection Act,
1986(4). Certain activities permissible under the coastal regulation zone
Notification 1991 also require clearance.
Environmental Clearance is granted by the Impact Assessment in the Ministry
of Environment and Forest.

24. Types of EIA
 Classified under two categories:
• Rapid Assessment
&
• Comprehensive Assessment
o Rapid Assessment is the initial feasiility study carried out for a
minimum period of 3 months.
o After it gets appraisal from MOEF , the next phase, comprehensive
assessment is carried out.
o It is carried out for a period of 16 months.

25. RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT(REIA):
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment can be defined as the study , which is
done for quick assessment of likely adverse impacts.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment studies will be conducted at the
initiation of the new activity. In some cases this study may be required for the
expansion of existing unit or change in the current manufacturing process( if the
pollution load is to exceed the existing one ).
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment study covers one season baseline
data for various environmental components viz. Air , Noise, water, land,
Biological and Socio-economic including parameters of human interest.

26. Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment is basically a study which
includes collection of data for various components for four seasons i.e. Monsoon,
Post-monsoon, Winter and Summer. Comprehensive Environmental Impact
Assessment report has to be submitted after the evaluation of Rapid
Environmental Impact Assessment report, if so asked by the Impact Assessment
Agency.
The various methods used in the EIA are Adhoc Method, Overlays methods,
Checklists, Matrix , network and Integrated Method- combination of Matrix,
Network analysis model and a computer aided systematic approach. A typical EIA
study including an industry includes.
1.Field data collection for various Environmental parameters.
2.Assessment of various liquid, solid and gaseous pollutants generated from the
plant and existing pollution control devices.
3.Assessment of various impacts from these pollutants on Environment.
4.Consideration of various statutory guidelines and standards prescribed by
Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment and Forests.
5.Formulation of detailed Environment Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate /
control the various impacts and bring them within the standards limits.

27. Annexture -1
LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT:
•Nuclear power and related projects such as heavy water plants,
nuclear fuel complex, rare earth
•River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their
combination including flood control
•Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours)
•Petroleum refineries including crude and products pipelines
•Chemical fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphatic other than single
superphosphate)
•Pesticides (technical)
•Petroleum complexes ( both olefinic and aromatic ) and
petrochemicals intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and
production of basic plastic such as LDPE, HDPE, PP,PVC
•Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals
•Exploration for oil and gas and their production , transportation and
storage

28. •10. Synthetic rubber
•Asbestos and asbestos products
•Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives
•Primary metallurgical industries ( such as production of iron and steel,
aluminum, copper, zinc, lead and ferro-alloys)Chlor alkali industry
•Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw
materials required in the manufacture of paints
•Viscose staple and filament yarn
•Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead
antimony alloy
•All tourism projects between 200m-500 meters of high water line and at
locations with an elevation of more than 1000 meters with investment of
more than 5 crore
•Thermal power plants
•Mining projects ( with lease more than 5 hectares )

29. Component of EIA
The Following Impacts of the Project should be Assessed:
• Air:
- Changes in ambient levels and ground level concentrations
due to total emissions from point, line and area sources.
- Effects on soils, materials, vegetation, and human health.
• Noise:
- Changes in ambient levels due to noise generated from
equipment and movement of vehicles.
- Effect on fauna and human health.
• Water:
- Availability to competing users.
- Changes in quality.
- Sediment transport.
- Ingress of saline water.

30. • Land:
- Changes in land use and drainage pattern.
- Changes in land quality including effects of waste disposal.
- Changes in shoreline/riverbank and their stability.

•Biological:
- Deforestation /tree-cutting and shrinkage of animal habitat.
- Impact on fauna and flora (including aquatic species, and
migratory path/route of animals.
- Impact on breeding and nesting grounds.
• Socio-Economic:
- Impact on the local community including demographic changes.
- Impact on economic status.
- Impact on human health.
- Impact of increased traffic.

31. Alternatives, Delineation of Mitigation Measures
and EIA Report
 For every project alternatives should be identified & Environmental
attributes compared.
 Alternatives should cover both project location & process
technologies.
 Once alternatives has been reviewed, a mitigation plan should be
drawn up and is supplemented with an Environmental Management
Plan to guide the proponent towards “Environmental Improvement”.
 An EIA report should provide clear information to the decision maker
on the different environmental scenarios without the project, with the
project.
 Uncertainties should be clearly reflected in the EIA report.

32. Monitoring the Clearance Conditions
 Monitoring should be done during both construction and
operation phase of a project.
 This is to observe whether the predictions made in the EIA
reports were correct or not.
 Monitoring will enable the regulatory agency to review the
validity of predictions and the conditions of implementation
of the Environmental Management Plan.

34. SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPEMENT

35. Sustainable development (SD) may be defined as the development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of the future generations to meet their needs.
For rich countries- SD may mean steady reductions in wasteful level
of consumption of energy and other natural resources through
improvements in efficiency and through changes in lifestyle.
For poorer countries- SD would mean the commitment of resources
towards continued improvement in living standards.
The Supreme Court of India, in the Narmada Case, observed,
“ Sustainable Development means what type of development can
take place, which can be sustained by nature/ecology with or without
mitigation”

36. 3 R’s / 3 R Concept

37. Reduce/Reduction: to make something smaller or use less, resulting in a smaller
amount of waste.
"Source reduction" is reducing waste before you purchase it, or by purchasing
products that are not wasteful in their packaging or use.
A key part of waste "reduction" is "conservation"—using natural resources
wisely, and using less than usual in order avoid waste.
You can practice reduction by selecting products that do not have to be added to
landfills or the waste stream in general. This is really easy to do...
First and foremost, buy and use less
Start making wise "package" selections.
Refuse store bags!
Reduce/Reduction

38. You can "reuse" materials in their original form instead of throwing
them away, or pass those materials on to others who could use them too!
Remember, one man's trash is another man's treasure!
Here are some examples of reuse...
•Take along washable cups or travel mugs instead of disposables; a lot of
restaurants and stores will be glad to fill or refill your own mug.
•When you do use disposables like plastic cups, plates, utensils, and plastic
food storage bags, don't throw them away! Wash and reuse them—most of
them will last for a long time with many uses. They may not cost much to
replace, but it doesn't make any more sense to throw away those things than it
does to throw away your bicycle after one use.
REUSE

39. Don’t just toss everything in the trash. Lots of things
(like cans, bottles, paper, and cardboard) can be
remade into either the same kind of thing or new
products. Making new items from recycled ones also
takes less energy and fewer resources than making
products from brand new materials.
Recycle