Historical criticism

Historical Crit.

1. HISTORICAL CRITICISM

2. What is Historical Criticism literary criticism in the light of historical evidence or based on the context in which a work was written, including facts about the author’s life and the historical and social circumstances of the time . also known as  the historical-critical method  or  higher criticism , is a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text”.

3. What is Historical Criticism?   While It is often discussed in terms of Jewish and Christian writings from ancient times, historical criticism has also been applied to other religious writings from various parts of the world and periods of history.

4. Who Used Historical Criticism? Pioneers of historical criticism as applied to the Bible include the Dutch scholars  Desiderius Erasmus [ citation needed ]  (1466? – 1536) and  Benedict Spinoza  (1632–1677 ).   When it is applied to the Bible, the historical-critical method is distinct from the traditional, devotional approach .  In particular, while devotional readers concern themselves with the overall message of the Bible, historians examine the distinct messages of each book in the Bible .  Guided by the devotional approach, for example, Christians often combine accounts from different gospels into single accounts, but historians attempt to discern what is unique about each gospel, including how they differ .

5. Who Used Historical Criticism? Increasingly in the 20th century, scholarship furthered an understanding of Shakespeare’s social, political, economic, and theatrical milieu. Shakespeare’s sources came under new and intense scrutiny. Elmer Edgar Stoll, in Art and Artifice in Shakespeare (1933), stressed the ways in which the plays could be seen as constructs intimately connected with their historical environment . Playacting depends on conventions, which must be understood in their historical context . Costuming signals meaning to the audience; so does the theatre building, the props, the actors’ gestures.

6. Who Used Historical Criticism? Accordingly, historical critics sought to know more about the history of London’s theatres (as in John Cranford Adams’s well-known model of the Globe playhouse or in C. Walter Hodges’s  The Globe Restored [1953]) , about audiences (Alfred Harbage ,  As They Liked It  [1947]; and Ann Jennalie Cook,  The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare’s London, 1576–1642  [1981]), about staging methods (Bernard Beckerman,  Shakespeare at the Globe 1599–1609  [1962]), and much more

7. Who Used Historical Criticism? Other scholarly studies examined censorship, the religious controversies of the Elizabethan era and how they affected playwriting, and the heritage of native  medieval  English drama. Studies in the history of ideas have examined Elizabethan cosmology, astrology, philosophical ideas such as the Great Chain of Being, physiological theories about the four bodily humours, political theories of Machiavelli and others, the  skepticism  of Montaigne, and much more.

8. How to Use Historical Criticism? Historical-critical methods are the specific procedures: Examine the text's historical origins, such as/the time, the place in which the text was written; its sources Examine the events, dates, persons, places, things, and customs that are mentioned or implied in the text.

9. Application of Historical Criticism:   In Biblical Studies:   investigates the books of the Hebrew Bible as well as the New Testament. Historical critics compare texts to other texts written around the same time . An example is that modern biblical scholarship has attempted to understand the Book of Revelation in its 1st century historical context by identifying its literary genre with Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature.

10. Application of Historical Criticism: In Biblical Studies: (Continuation) In regard to the Gospels, higher criticism deals with the  synoptic problem , the relations among Matthew, Mark, and Luke. In some cases, such as with several Pauline epistles, higher criticism can confirm the traditional understanding of authorship .[citation needed]  Higher criticism understands the New Testament texts within a historical context: that is, that they are not adamantine but writings that express the  tradition  (what is handed down). The truth lies in the historical context.

11. Goal of Historical Criticism   to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense or  sensus literalis historicus .  seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text.

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16. REFERENCES: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+historical+criticism&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5meLclMDdAhUX3Y8KHY3UCrsQ_AUIDigB&biw=1024&bih=494#imgrc=qDxmxONslsO6VM : https://www.slideshare.net/murniaxes/historical-criticism-16198420