History 1111 Chapter 1 Power Point Traditions and Encounter

History Chapter 1 PowerPoint

1. Traditions & Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past SEVENTH EDITION Jerry H. Bentley Herbert F. Ziegler Heather E. Streets-Salter Craig Benjamin Copyright 2021 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

2. 1: Early Human History 2

3. CHRONOLOGY Table divided into two columns summarizes chronology of development of societies from 4 million years ago to 1850 B.C.E. Column 1 notes a list of years while column 2 notes their corresponding name of era. 4 million–1 million years ago Era of Australopithecus 3.2 million years ago Era of Lucy 2.5 million–200,000 years ago Era of Homo habilis and Homo erectus 250–200,000 B.C.E. Early evolution of Homo sapiens 400,000–30,000 B.C.E. Era of the Neandertals 13,500–10,500 B.C.E. Natufian society 10,000–8000 B.C.E. Early experimentation with agriculture 14,000–1000 B.C.E. Jomon society 8000 B.C.E. Appearance of agricultural villages 4000–3500 B.C.E. Appearance of cities 3000 B.C.E.–1850 C.E. Chinook society 3

4. The Evolution of Homo sapiens Given shared basic elements of physical form, genetic makeup, and body chemistry, biologists place humans in the order of primates. Along with monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, and other large apes. Humans stand out as the most distinctive, however. Small differences in genetics and body chemistry have led to enormous differences in levels of intelligence and ability to exercise control over the natural world. Over the long term, intelligence endowed humans with immense potential for social and cultural development. 4

5. Hominids 1 At numerous sites across Africa and Eurasia, archaeologists have unearthed bones and tools of human ancestors going back about five million years. Hominidae: the family that includes human and human-like species; hominids. Australopithecus: a hominid of a genus standing alongside Homo (the genus of modern humans). Walked upright, enabling the use of arms and hands; opposable thumbs for grasping. Traveled and used stone tools. Established throughout most of eastern and southern Africa. 5

6. Hominids 2 By about one million years ago, australopithecines had disappeared, displaced by a new species of hominids. Homo , including Homo habilis and Homo erectus . Homo erectus: “upright-walking human,” who flourished from about two million to two hundred thousand years ago. Larger brain than the australopithecines, and more sophisticated tools for food preparation and protection. Used fire to cook, in defense, and for heat. Had the ability to organize activities and communicate plans. Migrated to north Africa and the Eurasian landmass—to southwest Asia and beyond. 6

7. Homo sapiens 1 As with Australopithecus , Homo erectus faded. Homo sapiens: “consciously thinking human,” who evolved about two hundred thousand years ago. Has skillfully adapted to the environment ever since. Early brains more or less the same size as brains today, and especially developed in the frontal regions. Homo sapiens evolved a throat with vocal cords and a separate mouth cavity with a tongue, enabling hundreds of distinct sounds that would over time become languages. Could share and pool knowledge in a way that no other species could. 7

8. Homo sapiens 2 Intelligence and language enabled adaptation to widely varying environmental conditions. Homo sapiens spread throughout the eastern hemisphere. Established communities in progressively colder regions, fashioning clothes and building effective shelters. Land bridges exposed by the most recent ice age allowed for expansion to almost every habitable region of the world. Around sixty thousand years ago: Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia. As early as twenty-five thousand years ago: North America. 8

9. Homo sapiens 3 Increasingly effective tools gave Homo sapiens progressively greater control over the environment. Recognized problems and possibilities, and took action that favored their survival. Knives, spears, bows and arrows. Dwellings in caves and hutlike shelters. Continuously burning fires. Human hunting contributed to the extinction of large animal species in many parts of the world. 9

10. MAP 1.1 Global migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens On the basis of the sites indicated, compare the extent of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens migrations out of Africa. Access the text alternative for slide images. 10

11. The Paleolithic Era Paleolithic era: the “old stone age,” in which humans foraged for food. By far the longest portion of the human experience on earth. From the evolution of the first hominids to about twelve thousand years ago, when Homo sapiens began to transition to domesticated plants and animals. 11

12. Foraging Lifeways 1 What we know about paleolithic economy and society has been drawn from the work of archaeologists and anthropologists. To survive, foragers most follow the animals and move with the seasons. Virtually prevented from accumulating private property and basing social distinctions on wealth. Relative equality may have extended to both sexes, who were thoroughly interdependent in terms of food production. Most would have lived in small bands of thirty to fifty. 12

13. Foraging Lifeways 2 Homo sapiens created special tools and special tactics for hunting large animals. Wore disguises and coordinated their movements; sometimes started fires or stampeded animals to where they could be killed more easily. In regions where food resources were plentiful, a few established semi-permanent settlements. Natufian society in the eastern Mediterranean. Jomon in central Japan. Chinook in the Pacific northwest of North America. Permanent dwellings and populations of several hundred. 13

14. Paleolithic Culture 1 Neandertal peoples: regarded by most scholars as a distinct species, Homo neandertalensis , named after the valley in western Germany where their remains were first found. Inhabited some of the same regions as Homo sapiens , and some interbreeding and trade occurred. Some sites show signs of careful, deliberate burial accompanied by ritual observances. Apparently recognized a significance in an individual’s life and death, developed a capacity for emotions and feelings, and cared enough to prepare elaborate resting places. 14

15. Paleolithic Culture 2 Homo sapiens was much more intellectually inventive and creative than the Neandertals. With the development of languages, humans were able to both accumulate knowledge and transmit it accurately to new generations. From stone blades 200,000 years ago to the bow and arrow about 10,000 years ago. Trade networks spanning over 185 miles. Sharp tools such as sewing needles and barbed harpoons. Ornamental beads, jewelry; and paintings of human and animal subjects. 15

16. Paleolithic Culture 3 Venus figurines: small sculptures of women, usually with exaggerated sexual features, found at many sites. Suggest a deep interest in fertility. Cave paintings: paintings made thirty-four to twelve thousand years ago, largely depicting large animals. Best-known: Lascaux and Chauvet in France; Altamira in Spain. Some in places that are almost inaccessible to humans. May have represented efforts to exercise sympathetic magic—to gain control over subjects by capturing their spirits. 16

17. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture A few societies of hunting and gathering peoples still inhabit the world today. The vast majority of the world’s people, however, began to bring plants and animals under domestication. 17

18. The Origins of Agriculture 1 Neolithic era: the “new stone age,” which saw refinements in toolmaking techniques. More significantly, the new tools were found in sites where peoples relied on cultivation rather than foraging. Today it refers to the early stages of agricultural society. Agriculture would not have been possible until after the end of the last ice age. More stable conditions allowed neolithic peoples to encourage the growth of edible plants. Women likely began the systematic care of plants, while men captured animals and domesticated them. 18

19. The Origins of Agriculture 2 Agriculture emerged independently in several different parts of the world. Southeast Asia after 9000 B.C.E.: wheat, barley, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle; later, many other crops added. Parts of Africa between 9000 and 6000 B.C.E.: sorghum, yams, okra, black-eyed peas, cattle, sheep, goats. East Asia around 6500 and 5500 B.C.E.: rice, millet soybeans, pigs, chickens, water buffalos. Mesoamerica from 4000 B.C.E.: maize (corn), along with beans, peppers, squash, tomatoes. South America after 5000 B.C.E.: potatoes, maize, beans. Domesticated animals were much less prominent in the Americas. 19

20. The Origins of Agriculture 3 Agriculture spread rapidly. Slash-and-burn cultivation led to migration. Foods also spread widely, as travelers carried knowledge of them to new agricultural lands. White, rice, and sorghum. Bananas. Maize. Agriculture involved long hours of hard physical labor, likely more than foraging; but over time it made possible the production of abundant food supplies. 20

21. MAP 1.2 Origins and early spread of agriculture After 9000 B.C.E. peoples in several parts of the world independently began to cultivate plants and domesticate animals that were native to their regions. Agriculture and animal husbandry spread quickly to neighboring territories and eventually also to distant lands. Access the text alternative for slide images. 21

22. Early Agrarian Societies 1 With agriculture came transformative social and cultural changes—including a significant increase in population. Neolithic peoples began to settle near their fields in permanent villages. One of the earliest known villages was Jericho, before 8000 B.C.E., with as many as two thousand residents. Table divided into two columns summarizes the world's human population for different years. Column 1 notes a list of years while column 2 notes the world's human population. Year World’s Human Population 3000 B.C.E. 14 million 2000 B.C.E. 27 million 1000 B.C.E. 50 million 500 B.C.E. 100 million 22

23. Early Agrarian Societies 2 The concentration of large numbers of people in villages encouraged specialization of labor. A food surplus allowed for enterprises that had nothing to do with food production. Çatal Hüyük : a neolithic settlement in modern-day Turkey that grew into a bustling town of about five thousand, likely a center of production and trade in obsidian tools. Craft industries either provided tools and utensils needed by cultivators or made use of cultivators’ and herders’ products in new ways. Pottery, metallurgy, and textile production. 23

24. Early Agrarian Societies 3 By about 7000 B.C.E., neolithic villagers were producing pottery and soon discovered how to add decoration. By 5000 B.C.E., they had furnaces for melting copper so that it could be poured into molds. Later, other metals such as gold, bronze, and iron. Textile fragments have survived from as early as 6000 B.C.E. Probably the work of women. Accumulation of wealth became possible. With land ownership especially, clearly defined social classes emerged. 24

25. Neolithic Culture Agricultural peoples accumulated knowledge concerning relationships between the heavens and the earth. Neolithic religions came to celebrate particularly the rhythms that governed agricultural society. Along with Venus-type figures, deities and representations associated with the cycle of life, death, and regeneration. 25

26. The Origins of Urban Life 1 Gradually, dense populations, specialized labor, and complex social relations gave rise to the city. Often because of a favorable location. Cities were larger and more complex than towns. Large classes of professionals emerged. Professional managers and cultural specialists—such as priests—also appeared. Cities decisively influenced the political, economic, and cultural life of large regions. Marketplaces for long-distance trade. 26

27. The Origins of Urban Life 2 The earliest known cities grew out of agricultural villages and towns in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. About 4000 to 3500 B.C.E. Later cities appeared in several other parts of the world. Egypt, northern India, northern China. Central Mexico and the central Andean region of South America. Cities became the sites from which the world’s earliest complex societies would emerge. 27

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