History Ancient Rome. Everything you want to know!

ALL ABOUT ROME

1. Ancient Rome 753 BC – 476 AD 1

2. Periodization Kingdom 753 – 509 BC Republic 509 – 27 BC Principate 27 BC – 284 AD Dominate 284 – 476 AD

3. Etruscan civilization Unknown origins They were heavily influenced by Greek culture They reached the height of their power around 750 BC The were organized in a confederation of twelve cities (Etruscan League) Each city was ruled by a king ( Lucumo ), but they would eventually lose power to the wealthiest families Architecture Round arch Polytheistic Writing

4. Foundation of Rome Romulus and Remus were purported to be sons of Rhea Silvia and Mars. They were abandoned at birth because of a prophecy that they would overthrow their uncle Amulius, who had overthrown Silvia's father Numitor The twins were abandoned on the river Tiber by servants who took pity on the infants, despite their orders. The twins were nurtured by a she-wolf until a shepherd found the boys and took them as his sons When Remus and Romulus became adults, they killed Amulius and restored Numitor. They decided to establish a city; however, they quarreled, as Romulus was on Palatine Hill, while Remus wanted to found the city on Aventine Hill, until Remus and his followers attacked, and Romulus killed his brother

5. Kingdom Romulus 753 – 716 BC Founder of Rome He divided the population in 30 curiae (clans) He created the Senate and the Curiate Assembly Noma Pompilius 715 – 672 BC He established many religious institutions and practicies, including the office of Pontifex Maximus He reformed the calendar Tullus Hostilius 672 – 640 BC Warlike King He destroyed the city of Alba Longa He built the first Senate House Ancus Marcius 640 – 616 BC He built the first bridge across the River Tiber He founded the port of Ostia He built Rome’s first aqueduct Tarquinius Priscus 616 – 578 BC First Etruscan King He increased the number of senators to 300 He built the Cloaca Maxima (sewers system) He built the Forum He built the Circus Maximus Servius Tullius 578 – 534 BC He built the first wall around Rome He reorganized the army He instituted the first census He created the Centuriate and Tribal Assemblies Tarquinius Superbus 534 – 509 BC Last king of Rome He was expelled from the city after an incident between his son and a Roman noblewoman

6. Conflict of the Orders (494 – 287 BC) 494 BC: Creation of the Plebeian Council and the office of the plebeian tribune 449 BC: The Laws of the Twelve Tables were promulgated. These were the first written laws and stated the rights and duties of citizens 445 BC: The Lex Canuleia allowed marriages between plebeians and patricians 367 BC: The Lex Licinia Sextia established a limit on the amount of public land that could be owned by a citizen and required the election of one plebeian consul 312 BC: During his censorship, Appius Claudius increased the voting power of the plebeians in the Tribal Assembly and admitted sons of freedmen to serve in the Senate 287 BC: The Lex Hortensia made the plebiscitia (resolutions passed by the Plebeian Council) binding on all citizens It was a political conflict between the plebeians and patricians, in which the plebeians sought political equality with the patricians This conflict played a major role in shaping the Roman Republican Constitution This conflict was connected to the Roman conquest of Italy, as plebeians made a huge part of the Roman army and they refused keep fighting until they were given full political rights By the end, the ruling-class transformed from a patrician-only group to a nobilitas (nobility) composed of both patricians and plebeians

7. Republican Institutions Magistracies Annuality Collegiality Ad honorem Ordinary Censors Consuls (heads of government) Praetors (judges) Aediles (administrators) Quaestors (treasurers) Extraordinary Dictator Senate It was an advisory council to the consuls on matters of foreign and military policy, and it exercised a great deal of influence over consular decision-making It was composed by 300 senators During an emergency, the Senate could appoint a Dictator Assemblies Curiate Assembly Patrician-controlled Ceremonial functions Centuriate Assembly Represented the army, which was divided in centuries Centuries were later grouped into classes according to a means test It was in charge of electing high-ranking magistrates and declaring war and peace Tribal Assembly Citizens were organized in 35 tribes (4 urban and 31 rural) It was in charge of legislative matters and electing low-ranking magistrates

8. TÍTULO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN Roman Expansion Punic Wars (264 – 146 BC) Illyrian Wars (229 – 167 BC) Macedonian Wars (214 – 148 BC) Seleucid War (192 -188 BC) Celtiberian Wars (181 – 133 BC) Lusitanian War (155 – 139 BC) Achaean War (146 BC)

9. Crisis of the Republic The Roman expansion during the third and second centuries resulted in a crisis, due to several causes: Concentration of public land in the hands of a small group of landowners Shortage of soldiers for the army Internal conflict inside the nobilitas ( Optimates vs. Populares ) Exponential increase in the number of slaves Several attempts were made in order to fix this crisis: Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Marian Reforms Although these reforms alleviated the symptoms of the crisis, they did not manage to solve the underlying causes of the crisis Consequently, this culminated in a series of civil wars: Marius vs. Sulla Caesar vs. Pompey Mark Anthony vs. Octavian These wars ended with the ultimate victory of Octavian and his consolidation as the undisputed leader of the Roman world

10. Principate (27 BC – 235 AD) On his return from Egypt, Octavian received the title of Augustus (venerable) His aim was to bring back stability to Rome after decades of civil wars, yet he could not do so by taking direct control of the government Instead, he managed to consolidate his influence through his personal authority (auctoritas), while appearing not to aspire to dictatorship or monarchy (Republican facade) Furthermore, Augustus was granted the power of the tribunes ( tribunicia potestas ) and the proconsular imperium ( imperium proconsulare maius ) As a result, even though Augustus was publicly considered to be under the Senate and the Roman People, privately it was Augustus who was in control of Rome, allowing the senators to save face After the death of Augustus in 14 AD, the following 200-year-period saw the consolidation of the Principate and the instituted a state of relative peace throughout the empire ( Pax Romana )

11. Origins of Christianity It started in Roman Judea during the first century Jewish society was divided in four sects: Pharisees (Rabbis) Sadducees (Priests) Essenes (Mystics) Zealots (Radicals) Messianism A leader from the House of David who would expel the foreign rulers from Israel Between 30-33 Jesus preached about the imminent arrival of the Kingdom of God and announced himself as the Messiah Jesus’ teachings were very popular and he also performed healing miracles As his teachings were a threat to the interests of the ruling-class, they managed to convince the Roman governor to order his crucifixion He resurrected at the third day and appeared to his former disciples afterwards, ordering them to spread the Gospel and thus becoming his Apostles From the first to the third century, Christianity separated from Judaism and started spreading throughout the Roman Empire As Christian beliefs conflicted with the Roman religion, Christians were persecuted and forced to repent. Those who did not re-embraced Roman religion, were executed and became martyrs Nonetheless, the spread of Christianity was impossible to stop as it was very popular, not only for the poor, but also among the ruling-class as well