History and Evolution of Kashmir issues.pptx

History and Evolution of Kashmir issues

1. Presented By Misbah Ahmad

2. Origins of the Kashmir Problem In 1947, British India divided into India and Pakistan. Princely states could join either or remain independent. Indian Independence Act created both. Paramountcy ended, giving states choice. Mountbatten considered geography and interests. Kashmir's Maharaja initially sought independence but joined India amidst conflict. Mountbatten promised plebiscite once order restored.

3. Early History Buddhism flourished in Kashmir under Ashoka, promoted by Kanishka. Brief Hunnic rule followed by Ujjain Empire led by Vikramaditya . Hindu rulers established a dynasty blending Hinduism and Buddhism, led by King Lalitaditya from 697 to 738 AD.

4. The beginning of Muslim rule Muslim rule in Kashmir began in 1339 with Rianchin Shah's conversion to Islam. Shah Mir of Swat ended Hindu rule, initiating a period marked by political, intellectual, and spiritual changes favoring Islam. Shahabuddin restored peace and expanded territory. Zain-ul-Abidin ruled until 1470. Mughal rule began with Emperor Akbar's conquest in 1586, lasting until 1752. Kashmir Region – After the Mughals

5. The Sikh rule Guru Nanak's visit linked Sikhs to Kashmir. Under Guru Gobind Singh, Sikhs fought the Mughals. Ranjeet Singh aimed to control Kashmir with Afghan Shah Mahmood. Sikhs ruled Kashmir from 1814, marked by oppression, fueling Kashmiri discontent.

6. The Treaty of Amritsar After the British defeated the Sikhs in 1846, Gulab Singh acquired Kashmir via the Treaty of Amritsar for 75 lacs, becoming Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. Despite Dogra rule, Kashmiris felt excluded, with Jammu seen as the seat of Dogra power. The Treaty of Amritsar neglected Kashmir's rights and interests. Jammu and Kashmir – as a princely state of the British Empire

7. Dogra’s Under Maharaja Hari Singh in the 1930s, Kashmiris felt oppressed. "Kashmir for Kashmiris" movement led by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah emerged, sparking clashes and protests against the Maharaja's rule. Major incidents in 1931, like interruptions during Eid prayers and desecration of the Quran, fueled Muslim discontent against religious interference and persecution.

8. Partition of the Sub-Continent Mountbatten Plan: June 3, 1947, set independence for the Indian subcontinent on August 15, 1947. Kashmir welcomed Pakistan, desired freedom from Dogra rule. Leaders of independent states could choose India or Pakistan. Maharaja of Kashmir initially neutral, allowed Pakistan to manage certain services. The Pakistan Invasion of Kashmir in 1947

9. Accession to India Pre-partition efforts to align Kashmir with India failed. Prime Minister Kak, advocating independence, was replaced. Maharaja's actions stoked unrest: disarming Muslims, expelling Hindus/Sikhs. Guerrilla movement began in Poonch. Muslim anger over atrocities prompted Pakistan's intervention. Jammu and Kashmir signs the Instrument of Accession with India

10. The Genesis of the Issue Kashmir issue: Arising from 1947 partition of British India into Pakistan and India. Mountbatten advised princely states to decide accession based on geography and people's wishes. Kashmir's Maharaja sought independence, but its ties with Pakistan, with a Muslim majority, complicated matters. Resentment grew due to Mountbatten's role, including the inclusion of Gurdaspur, providing India with a land route to Kashmir.

11. Kashmir’s accession to India not acceptable to Pakistan India claims Kashmir based on the Maharaja's accession, but Pakistan disputes its legitimacy due to questions about the Maharaja's authority and circumstances. The accession letter and India's acknowledgment are considered invalid reasons for Kashmir's integration into India.

12. Kashmir Issue – External Disputes Since 1947, Kashmir has been a conflict zone between India and Pakistan, leading to wars. Pakistan claims Kashmir, and China also asserts claims over parts of the region, including Aksai Chin. India lost a war with China in 1962 over these territories. Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, further complicating the situation. Kashmir Issue – External Disputes

13. Kashmir Issue – Internal Disputes Article 370 grants Jammu and Kashmir special status, offering greater autonomy. Unique constitution, selective application of Indian laws, and property ownership restrictions for non-Kashmiri Indians are key features. Views on revocation differ: some see it as hindering integration, while others, especially Kashmiris, see it as insufficient autonomy.

14. Urge for Peace Initially, support for militancy, but now leaning towards peace. Government in talks with separatist groups seeking to renegotiate Kashmir's relationship with India rather than pushing for independence.

15. Conclusions Kashmir's history: ruled by Muslims, Sikhs, Afghans, and Dogras . Maharaja Gulab Singh's rule sparked resistance. During partition, he chose India amid conflict. Legitimacy of accession debated, Kashmiri voices ignored. Priority: Kashmiri aspirations for lasting solution.