history_ch_4_in_the_earliest_cities_1559700856435 (1).pdf

The earliest settlements developed in Mesopotamia after the Neolithic Period, about 7500 BCE. Early cities may be found in both the Indus Valley and Ancient China. Mohenjo-Daro, in the Indus Valley, was one of the largest early Old World towns, with a population of 50,000 or more.

1. In the earliest cities

2. Life in the city
•Harappa was a busy place. Rulers planned buildings, traders travelled to distant
places of procure raw materials and scribes prepare d exotic seals.
The Story of Harrapa
•The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization are kno wn as the Harrapa cities.
Rediscovered in the 1920s after excavations in Sind h and Punjab in present-day
Pakistan, these cities flourished since 3300 BC.
The layout of the cities
•The Harappan cities were divide into two parts: the citadel and the lower town.
Walls were fortified with bricks in interlocking pa tterns.
•Streets were laid out straight and cut each other a t right angle.
•Drains ran parallel to each other and had covered.
•The citadel was located at higher level and had spe cial buildings.
•The Great bath in Mohenjodarowas a tank used for ba thing rituals.
•Kalibanganand Lothal had fire altars where sacrific es may have been performed.
•The lower town was the residential area where house s were one or two storeys
high and built around a corridor.

3. •Crafts-persons made all kinds of things. Archaelogi stshave things made of stone,
shell and metal in addition to beads, weights and b lades.
•Seals and pots with wonderful design were also made . Cloth has also been found.
•The Harrapans got raw material locally or from othe r places like Rajasthan, Oman,
Iran etc.
•They grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, nee, linseed and mustard.
•A tool called plough was used to dig the earth. Irr igation was also employed.
Animals were reared by Harrapans.
•In Dholavirain present-day Gujarat, a large open ar ea for ceremonies and stones
with engravements in Harrapan script have been disc overed.
•A storehouse has been found in the city of Lothal.
•However , there was a major change 3000 years ago a nd much of the Harrapan
cities perished.
•It may have been because of o-cams drying up or def orestation, or several other
reasons.

5. Thankyou