History, general features, mode of transmission and prevention of COVID-19

the presentation gives basic information about COVID-19

1. NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY 2020 “WOMEN IN SCIENCE” NETRA PRASAD NEUPANE 17BPH080 B. Pharm 6 th semester Shalom Institute Of Health And Allied Sciences. History, General F eatures, Mode O f T ransmission, And P revention O f COVID-19

2. Table of Contents:

3. Introduction: Corona virus is named for the crown like spikes on their surface. Previous researches had shown that corona virus invade the cells by spike but the spike protein shape is different among corona viruses. Determination of shape of spike protein is key step to target corona virus and its vaccine development . Fig 1: Diagram of spike protein Corona virus belongs to Family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales , is divided into four genera: alpha, beta, delta and gamma corona virus . COVID19 belong to beta corona virus

4. There are 7 different types of corona virus till present ; Common human coronaviruses: 229E (alpha corona virus ) NL63 (alpha corona virus ) OC43 (beta corona virus ) HKU1 (beta corona virus) Other human Coronaviruses: MERS- CoV (the beta corona virus that caused Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.) 6. SARS- CoV (Beta corona virus that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS) 7.SARS-CoV-2 (the novel corona virus that caused corona virus disease 2019, or COVID-19.) Mutated form of above mentioned corona viruses that are infectious and lethal to humans are 2019-nCoV, SARS- CoV , and MERS- CoV .

5. COVID-19 are a large group of viruses that are common among animals . These viruses are zoonotic in nature that means they can be transmitted from animal to human. COVID-19 is previously also known as 2019 novel corona viruses ( CoVs ). In February 11, 2019 novel corona virus was named COVID-19 ; “CO” means Corona “VI” means Virus “D” means Disease “19” means outbreak year 2019 In February 12 maximum number of corona virus cases were reported in china till the date. T housands of cases are reported and 2,858 are already dead. Maximum number of death are on mainland China .

6. Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 500 patients presented with flu-like symptoms. Virology department analysis cleared that 3.6% of patients had suffered from HCoV-NL63 strain. Until 2002, corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus; however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in Guangdong province in China, which resulted in outspread to many other countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore caused SARS with high mortality rate(10%). Similar type of virus was also identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The typical virus have symptoms which include fever, cough, shortness of breathe, and pneumonia (common but not always). The mortality rate of MERS- CoV was 35 %. Background:

7. The new Chinese COVID-19 , is supposed to come from bat to humans due to genetic similarities with bat. A cousin of the SARS and MERS virus, had infected thousands since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, on 31 st December 2019. Scientist Leo Pool first decoded as corona virus and said it causes pneumonia, and respiratory syndrome. Mortality rate is lower than SARS and MERS. On 7 th January Chinese health authorities identified the 2019-nCoV. O n 10 th January WHO confirmed the 2019-novel Coronavirus. On 12 and 13 January full genomic sequence of 2019-nov coronavirus was released with 82% homology with SARS- CoV Tor2 and bat SARS-like coronavirus . On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a global health emergency .

8. General Features: Corona virus virions are spherical to pleomorphic enveloped particles ( Fig . 2). The envelope is studded with projecting glycoproteins, and surrounds a core consisting of matrix protein enclosed within which is a single strand of positive-sense RNA ( Mr 6 × 10 6 ) associated with nucleoprotein. The envelope glycoproteins are responsible for attachment to the host cell and also carry the main antigenic epitopes, particularly the epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies.

9. They are round and sometimes pleomorphic with an diameter of 80-120 nm. The corona virus genome is approximately 31 kb, making these viruses the largest known RNA viruses yet identified . Fig 2: Diagram of COVID19

10. There is no confirm information about incubation time of corona virus. However WHO estimate that the incubation time is 5-6 days but this can vary from 0 to 14 days.(WHO website) Incubation Period:

11. COVID-19 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets; L ittle blobs of liquid released as someone coughs, sneezes, or talks. Viruses present in these droplets can infect other people via the eyes, nose, or mouth-either when they land directly on somebody’s face or when they’re transferred there by people touching their face with contaminated hands . Respiratory droplets are too heavy to remain suspended in the air, direct person-to-person transmission normally only happens when people are in close contact-within about six feet . R oute of transmission

12. Indian Government S teps T owards Corona Virus: Health desks are set up at International airport terminals with thermal scanners( scans the inflammation induced by unknown causes, elevated body temperature .)

13. Different hospital with quarantine facilities are brought into work. If any suspicious patients are found, their cough samples are sent to virology laboratory, Pune. If symptoms of COVID-19 are observed and report from virology laboratory is also positive then patients are send for 14 days quarantine. Awareness programme were organized in different areas. Three patients (from Kerala) suspected to be infected from COVID-19 were quarantine initially but all of them are now unaffected and safe. At present India is COVID-19 free.

14. The novel COVID-19 is affecting  50 countries; highest in mainland china and secondly in south korea . Total number of death till today Is 2,817 all around the globe .   COVID19 Update till 27 th February: S.N. Country Deaths S.N. Country Deaths 1. China 2,747 13. Thailand - 2. Iran 26 14. Bahrain - 3. Italy 17 15. Germany - 4. S. Korea 13 16. Australia - 5. Japan 4 17. Malaysia - Diamond princess 4 18. U.A.E - 6. Hong Kong 2 19. Vietnam - 7. France 2 20. Spain - 8. Taiwan 1 21. U.K. - 9. Philippines 1 22. Canada - 10. Singapore - 23. Macao - 11. U S A - 24. Oman - 12. Kuwait - 25. Switzerland -

15. S.N Country Deaths S.N. Country Deaths 26. Iraq - 38. Algeria - 27. Austria - 39. Belgium - 28. Croatia - 40. Brazil - 29. Greece - 41. Cambodia - 30. India - 42. Denmark - 31. Israel - 43. Egypt - 32. Finland - 44. Estonia - 33. Lebanon - 45. Georgia - 34. Pakistan - 46. North M acedonia - 35. Russia - 47. Nepal - 36. Sweden - 48. Norway - 37. Afghanistan - 49. Romania - 50. Sri Lanka -

16. Common sign and symptoms: Respiratory symptoms Fever cough shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. Severe Sign and symptoms: pneumonia severe acute respiratory syndrome kidney failure and even death. Signs and Symptoms:

17. Standard recommendations of WHO to prevent the spread of infection include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing . Prevention:

18. Conclusion : COVID-19 is a deadly virus which has already taken thousands of life across the globe. Till today only two antiviral drug- Remdesivir and Favilavir are effective against COVID-19 while vaccines are under the process of development. D ifferent pharmaceutical companies are claiming to make vaccine till April. I n a single day more than 100 peoples are dying and the spread is very high in thousands. COVID-19 is taking lives of patients who have weak immune system due to pre existing diseases, smokers, older, and infant population. Continuous exposure to COVID-19 without proper care may take the life of heathy individual as well so, proper preventive measures must be strictly followed.

19. References: Hui, D S C. “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Epidemiology and Clinical Features.”  Postgraduate Medical Journal , vol. 80, no. 945, Jan. 2004, pp. 373–381., doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.020263 . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov ) Yu, Fei , et al. “Measures for Diagnosing and Treating Infections by a Novel Coronavirus Responsible for a Pneumonia Outbreak Originating in Wuhan, China.”  Microbes and Infection , 2020, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003 . Al- Osail , Aisha M., and Marwan J. Al- Wazzah . “The History and Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus.”  Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine , vol. 12, no. 1, 2017, doi:10.4081/mrm.2017.246 .

20. WHO website for daily update: https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

21. Thank you!!!