History of Architecture-1.pdf History of Architecture-1.pdf

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1. history of architecture
History of Architecture

2. history of architecture
HISTORYOFARCHITECTURE
Whataretheboardexamslike?
1.Memorizationisnecessary–youmustremembermany
facts
2.WideinScope–frompre-historictomodernstyles
3.Repetitive–questionsfrompreviousexamsarereused
4.Historyamountstoonlyaround10%ofyourtotalscore
OURMETHODOFSTUDYINGHISTORY:
Totrynottomemorize…buttounderstand
Historyisnotalistoffacts…itisastorythatcanberetold
overandover
REFERENCES
1.Ching,FrancisD.K.,AVisualDictionaryofArchitecture
2.Fletcher,Bannister,AHistoryofArchitecture20thEd.
3.Mercado,JoseL.,TheArchitecturalReviewerVolume
III:History&TheoryofArchitecture
4.Salvan,GeorgeS.,ArchitecturalCharacter&theHistory
ofArchitecture
5.TheChildren’sAtlasofWorldHistory
6.TheWorldAtlasofArchitecture
DEFINITIONS
HistoryofArchitecture
•"Itisarecordofman'sefforttobuildbeautifully.Ittraces
theorigin,growthanddeclineofarchitecturalstyleswhich
haveprevailedlandsandages."
HistoricStylesofArchitecture
•"Theparticularmethod,thecharacteristics,mannerof
designwhichprevailsatacertainplaceandtime.“
SixInfluencesofArchitecture
•Geographical
•Geological
•Climatic
•Religious
•Social
•Historical
FourGreatConstructivePrinciples
1.Post&LintelConstruction
2.Arch&VaultConstruction
3.CorbelorCantileverConstruction
4.TrussedConstruction
Introduction

3. history of architecture
Introduction
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
GothicRoman Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
20
th
C:
Modern
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian
Chinese & JapaneseIndian
Greek Romanesque
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

4. history of architecture
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic

5. history of architecture
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
•DirecthumanancestorsevolvedinAfricafrom2.3million
yearsago-Homohabilis,Homoerectus,homosapiens,
homosapienssapiens
•Thesuccessofthehumanracewaslargelyduetothe
developmentoftools–madeofstone,wood,bone
•HumansspreadfromAfricaintoSouthernEurope,Asia
•Couldnotsettlefarnorthduetothecoldclimate
•FromSiberiabyfootintoNorthAmerica
•FromSoutheastAsiabyboatintoAustralia
•Before9000BC,nomadiclifeofhunting&foodgathering
•By9000BC,farmingandagriculturewaspracticed
•Fertilesoilandplentifulfood
•Animaldomesticationforwork,milk,wool
•Peoplewantedtosettledown,liveincommunities
•FirstvillagesintheMiddleEast,SouthAmerica,Central
America,IndiaandChina
•Somepeopleneedednotfarm,sotheyspenttimeon
otherwork-pot-making,metal-working,artand…
architecture!
RELIGION
•Noorganizedreligion
•Thedeadaretreatedwithrespect-burialritualsand
monuments
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

6. history of architecture
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS
•Animalskins,woodenframes,animalbones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
•Existingorexcavatedcaves
•Megalithic,mostevidentinFrance,EnglandandIreland
DECORATION
•Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
•Sculpture
EXAMPLES
MENHIR
•Asingle,largeuprightmonolith
•Servesareligiouspurpose
•Sometimesarrangedinparallelrows,reachingseveral
milesandconsistingofthousandsofstones
Carnac,France
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

7. history of architecture
DOLMEN
•Tombofstandingstonesusuallycappedwithalarge
horizontalslab
CROMLECH
•Enclosureformedbyhugestonesplantedontheground
incircularform
Stonehenge,England(2800–1500BC)
•Mostspectacularandimposingofmonolithicmonuments
•Outerring,innerring,innermosthorseshoe-shapedring
withopenendfacingeast
•Largeststonesweigh45to50tons,camefromWales
200kmaway
•Stonestransportedbyseaorriverthenhauledonland
withsledgesandrollersbyhundredsofpeople,raised
uprightintopits,cappedwithlintels
Genuinearchitecture-itdefinesexteriorspace
•Asolarobservatory-designedtomarkthesun'spath
duringsunriseonMidsummerDay
TUMULUSorPASSAGEGRAVE
•Dominanttombtype
•Corridorinsideleadingtoanundergroundchamber
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

8. history of architecture
WigwamorTepee
•conicaltentwithwoodenpolesasframework
•Coveredwithrushmatsandananimalskindoor
Hogan-primitiveIndianstructureofjoinedlogs
Igloo-Innuit(Eskimo)houseconstructedofhard-packed
snowblocksbuiltupspirally
Nigerianhut-withmudwallsandroofofpalmleaves
Iraqimudhif-coveredwithsplitreedmats,builtonareed
platformtopreventsettlement
Sumatranhouse-forseveralfamilies,builtoftimberand
palmleaves,thefencedpenunderneathisforlivestock
PRIMITIVEDWELLINGS
•Mostlyhadoneroom
•Thedevelopmentofmorecomplexcivilizationsledto
divisionoftheroomintosmalleronesforeating,sleeping,
socializing
•Inplaceswherenoindustrialrevolutionhasoccurredto
transformbuildingmethodsandincreasepopulation
density,housesshowlittledifferencefromprimitiveones
NaturalorArtificialCaves
BeehiveHut
Trullo-drywalledroughstoneshelterwithcorbelledroof
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

9. history of architecture
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Near East
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Near East

10. history of architecture
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
•StartedasvillagesontheflatlandbetweenTigrisand
Euphratesrivers-“Mesopotamia”
•Turnedintocity-stateswithpopulationsofthousands
•Eachcity-statesurroundedbyawallanddominatedbya
largetemple
•Societyofkings,craftsmen,soldiers,farmers,priests
•Foughtandtradedwitheachother
•Sometimeswouldconquereachotherandforman
empire
Near East
Mesopotamian
•City-statesofUr,Babylon,Agade,AshurandDamascus
•2334BC,KingSargonofAgadeformedthefirstmajor
empire
•1792BC,nextbyKingHammurabi
•Institutedlawstokeeporder
•Inventionofwriting-pictogramsorcuneiformrecordson
claytablets
Assyrian
•BasedinAshur,biggestempireunderKingAshurbanipal
–conqueredMesopotamia,Syria,PalestineandEgypt
Persian
•BegunbyCyrustheGreatfrom559to529BC
•CoveredMesopotamia,Anatolia,EasternMediterranean,
Bactria,IndusValleyandNorthAfrica
•DariusIhadprovincesruledbyasatrap,whoguarded
theroads,collectedtaxesandcontrolledthearmy
•Localpeopleswereallowedtokeeptheirreligionsand
customs
•CapitalmovedfromSusatoPersepolis
•Networkofroadslinkingtheroyalcourttootherpartsof
theempire–fromSusainPersiatoSardisinAnatolia
•Tradedrawmaterials,carpetsandspices
•DariusandXerxestriedtoconquerGreece
•EndedwiththedefeatofDariusIIItoAlexandertheGreat
ofMacedonia
UR
BABYLON
AGADE
ASHUR
MEMPHIS
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi
Assyrian Empire
under King Ashurbanipal
PERSEPOLIS
Persian Empire
under King Darius I
PERSIA
EGYPT
THEBES
DAMASCUS
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

11. history of architecture
RELIGION
•Eachcity-stateworshippedtheirowngodforprotection
•Peopleaimedtomakepeacewiththeirwrathfulgod
GEOGRAPHY andGEOLOGY
FertileCrescent:
•Marshlandswithfewnaturaladvantagesasidefrom
waterandsoil
•Importmaterialslikehardwoodandmetals
Also:
•DesertsoftheArabianPeninsula
•Mountainsandplateauxfromwesttoeast
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS
•Onlymaterialsreadilyavailablewasclay,soil,reeds,
rushes
•Bricksmadeofmudandchoppedstraw,sun-driedor
kiln-fired
•Timber,copper,tin,leadgold,silverimported
DECORATION
•Colossalwinged-bullsguardingchiefportals
•Polychromeglazedbricksinblue,white,yellow,green
•Muralsofdecorativecontinuousstone
Near East
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

12. history of architecture
EXAMPLES
ZIGGURATS
•Religiousbuildingsbuiltnexttotemples
•Ontopwasasmalltemple
Development:
•Archaicziggurat
•TwoorThree-stagedziggurat
•Seven-stagedzigguratduringtheAssyrianperiod
ZigguratatUr
•2000BC
Near East
PALACES
•Kingscelebratedtheirvictories,wealthandpowerby
buildinglargepalaces
PalacePlatformatPersepolis
•Ruinsstillexist
•50yearstobuild
•Peoplefromallovertheempirewereinvolvedinits
construction
•Varietyofarchitecturalstyles
•parts:audiencehalls,receptionhalls,storeroomsfor
tributesandvaluables,militaryquarters,apadana–tallest
building,with36columnsof20mheight
DWELLINGS
•KnownasMegaron
•Entranceatendratherthanonthelongsides
•Portico-colonnadedspaceforminganentranceor
vestibule,witharoofsupportedononesidebycolumns
•SuitedtoclimateofAnatolianplateau
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

13. history of architecture
Egyptian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East

14. history of architecture
HISTORY
•Wealthycountrydespitethedesert-everyyear,Nile
wouldoverflow,leavingthelandfertileforgrowingcrops
•NileRiverwasatraderoute
•GoldfromNubiainthesouth
•Twokingdoms,LowerandUpperEgypt,combinedby
KingMenesin3100BC
•Manysmalltowns,butroyalcitiesatMemphisand
Thebes
•Asinglekingdomformostofitsexistence-unifiedunder
thecentralizedomnipotentauthorityofthepharaoh(king)
Pharaohs:
•Seenasgodsdwellingonearth
•Solemastersofthecountryanditsinhabitants
•Buildersandleaders
•Initiatedthedesign,financing,quarryingandtransporting
ofmaterials,organizationoflaborandconstructionitself
Society:
•Dividedintogroups,byorderofimportance:senior
priests,officials,noblemen,andarmycommanders
•MostordinaryEgyptianswerefarmers
•Architects,engineers,theologians,masons,sculptors,
painters,laborers,peasants,prisoners
•Weaving,glass-making,pottery,metal,jewelryand
furniture
•Astronomy,mathematics,philosophy,musicandwriting
literatureandhistorywrittenonpapyrusandstonetablets
Egyptian
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY &CLIMATE
•NarrowstretchoffertileandarablelandalongtheNile
•Beyondriverbanks,barrendesertandruggedcliffs
preventedattackfrominvaders
•MediterraneanandRedseas
GIZA
EGYPT
MEMPHIS
THEBES
KARNAK
NUBIA
SYRIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

15. history of architecture
RELIGION
•Cultofmanygodsrepresentingnature:sun,moon,stars,
animals
•Afterdeath,apersonssoulwentontoenjoyeternallifein
kingdomoftheGodOsiris-imaginedthiskingdomasa
perfectversionofEgypt
•Pharaohswereburied,bringingwiththemthethingsthey
mightneedintheafterlife,evenlivingpeople
•Wishedforafineburial,embalmmentandfuneralrites,
andapermanenttombor"eternaldwelling"
•Deadbodyhadtobepreservedtohousethespirit
•Removeinsides,dryoutthebody,filledwithlinen,
maskedandbandaged
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
•Afterlife-lifeandhouseonearthistemporary,thetomb
ispermanent
•Forsustenanceandeternalenjoymentofthedeceased
•ReligionisthedominantelementinEgyptianarchitecture
MATERIALS
•Stonewasabundantinvarietyandquantity
•Usedformonumentsandreligiousbuildings
•Durabilityofstoneiswhymonumentsstillexisttothis
day
•Othermaterials,metalsandtimberwereimported
•Mudbricks:forhouses,palaces(reeds,papyrus,palm
branchribs,plasteredoverwithclay)
ROOF&OPENINGS
•Roofwasnotanimportantconsideration
•Flatroofssufficedtocoverandexcludeheat
•Nowindows
•Spaceswerelitbyskylights,roofslits,clerestories
WALL
•Batterwall-diminishinginwidthtowardsthetopfor
stability
•Thickness:9to24mattemples
•Unbrokenmassivewalls,uninterruptedspacefor
hieroglyphics
DECORATIONS
•Mouldingssuchas"gorge"or"hollowandroll"was
inspiredbyreeds
•Torusmoulding
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

16. history of architecture
•Hieroglyphicswerepictorialrepresentationsofreligion,
historyanddailylife
•Derivedfromthepracticeofscratchingpicturesonmud-
plasterwalls
•Avenueofsphinxes:rowsofmonsters(bodyoflion,head
ofman,hawk,ram)leadingtomonuments
Egyptian
Commonornaments:
•Commoncapitalsusedwerethelotus,papyrus,palm
whichechoedindigenousEgyptianplants,andwere
symbolsoffertilityaswell
•Theshaftrepresentedbundleofstems
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

17. history of architecture
EXAMPLES
MASTABAS
•Rectangularflat-toppedfunerarymound,withbattered
side,coveringaburialchamberbelowground
•FirsttypeofEgyptiantomb
•Developedfromsmallandinconspicuoustohugean
imposing
Parts:
•Stairwaywith2doors:oneforritual,secondwasafalse
doorforspirits
•ColumnHall
•OfferingChapel
•Serdab(containsstatueofdeceased)
•OfferingroomwithStelae(stonewithnameofdeceased
inscribed)
•Offeringtable
•Sarcophagus–Egyptiancoffin
Egyptian
PYRAMIDS
•massivefunerarystructureofstoneorbrick
Cameincomplexes:
•Offeringchapel(northoreastside)
•Mortuarychapel
•Raisedandenclosedcausewayleadingtowest
•Valleybuildingforembalmmentandinternmentrites
•Immenseuseoflaborandmaterials,builtinlayers,like
steps
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

18. history of architecture
PyramidsatGizeh
•Mostmagnificentofpyramids
•Equilateralsidesfacecardinalpoints
•Formsaworld-famousbuildinggroup
•PyramidofCheops(Khufu)
•PyramidofChephren(KhafraorKhafre)
•PyramidofMykerinos(Menkaura)
•TheGreatSphinxshowsKingCheprenasaman-lion
protectinghiscountry
StepPyramidofZoser,Saqqara
•World'sfirstlarge-scalemonumentinstone
•DesignedbyImhotep
BentPyramidatSeneferu
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

19. history of architecture
ROCK-CUTorROCK-HEWNTOMBS
•Builtalonghillside
•Fornobility,notroyalty
TombsatBeniHasan
TombsoftheKings,Thebes
Egyptian
TEMPLES
MORTUARY TEMPLES
•worship/inhonorofpharaohs
CULTTEMPLES
•worship/inhonorofgod
Parts:
•Entrancepylon
•Largeoutercourtopentosky(hypaethralcourt)
•Hypostylehall
•Sanctuarysurroundedbypassages
•Chapels/chambersusedinconnectionwiththetemple
service
TempleofKhons
•Typicaltemple:pylons,court,hypostylehall,sanctuary,
chapelsallenclosedbyhighgirdlewall
•Avenueofsphinxesandobelisksfrontingpylons
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

20. history of architecture
GreatTempleofAbu-Simbel
•Exampleofrock-cuttemple
•ConstructedbyRamesesII
•Entranceforecourtleadstoimposingpylonwith4rock-
cutcolossalstatuesofRamesessittingover20mhigh
TempleofHatshepsut,Deirel-Bahri
GreatTempleofAmmon,Karnak,Thebes
•Grandesttempleandtheworkofmanykings
TempleofAmmon,Luxor
MammisiTemple
•BecametheprototypeoftheGreekDorictemples
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

21. history of architecture
PYLONS
•monumentalgatewaytothetempleconsistingofslanting
wallsflankingtheentranceportal
TempleofIsis,Philae
OBELISKS
•uprightstonesquareinplan,withanelectrum-capped
pyramidionontop
•sacredsymbolofsun-godHeliopolis
•usuallycameinpairsfrontingtempleentrances
•heightofnineortentimesthediameteratthebase
•foursidesfeaturehieroglyphics
Obelisk,PiazzaofS.Giovanni
•originallyfromTempleofAmmon,Karnak
Egyptian
DWELLINGS
•Madeofcrudebrick
•Oneortwostoreyhigh
•Flatroofdeck
3parts:
•Receptionsuiteonnorthside-centralhallorlivingroom
withhighceilingandclerestory
•Servicequarters
•Privatequarters
FORTRESSES
•MostlyfoundonwestbankofNileoronislands
•Closecommunicationswithotherfortresses
FortressofBuhen
•Headquarters&largestfortifiedtownnearNubia
•Fromheretheycouldtradeandinvadelandstothesouth
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

22. history of architecture
Greek
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Greek

23. history of architecture
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
AegeanPeriod(Minoan)
•CivilizationsonCreteandGreekmainlandfrom1900to
1100BC
•Thefirstgreatcommercialandnavalpowerinthe
Mediterranean,foundedontradewiththewholeeastern
seaboard:AsiaMinor,Cyprus,Syria,Palestine,Egyptand
Libya,evenSouthItalyandSicilyonthewest
•Tradeandcommunicationsproducedaunityofculture
andeconomicstability
•Knossoswasthelargestcity,hadamagnificentpalace
MycenaeanorHelladic(1550to1100BC)
•ContinuationofCretanideasandcraftsmanshipon
mainlandGreece
•Wealthduetotheircontrolofmetaltradingbetween
EuropeandMiddleEast
HellenicPeriod(800to323BC)
•City-statesdevelopedontheplainsbetweenmountains–
SpartaandAthensweremostimportant
•The"polis"emergedasthebasisofGreeksociety
•Eachhaditsownruler,governmentandlaws
•Afederalunityexistedbetweencity-statesdueto
commonlanguage,customs,religion
•Severaldifferentformsofgovernment:Oligarchic,
Tyrannic,Democratic
•UnderPericles(444BCto429BC),peakofAthenian
prosperity
•Outburstofbuildingactivityandconstruction,
developmentsinart,law-making,philosophyandscience
•Philosophers–Socrates,Plato,Aristotle
•Amongbestsoldiersintheancientworld–HopliteArmy
defeatedrepeatedinvasionsbyDariusandXerxesof
Persia
•AlexandertheGreatofMacedoniaconqueredPersia,
AsiaMinor,Egypt,Syria,Afghanistan
•Greeklanguageandculturereachedanenormousarea
HellenisticPeriod(323to30BC)
•HellenisticEmpireestablished,Greekcivilization
extended
Greek
MEMPHIS
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
PERSIA
EGYPT
THEBES
CRETE
ASIA MINOR
INDIA
SYRIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

24. history of architecture
GEOLOGY&CLIMATE
•Onthemainland,ruggedmountainsmade
communicationdifficult
•Mountainsseparatedinhabitantsintogroups,clans,
states
•archipelagoandislands:seawastheinevitablemeansof
tradeandcommunications
•Betweenrigorouscoldandrelaxingheat
•Clearatmosphereandintenselight-conduciveto
creatingpreciseandexactforms
•Judicialactivities,dramaticpresentations,public
ceremoniestookplaceintheopenair
RELIGION
Aegeanreligion:
•Primitivestageofnatureworship
•Priestessesconductedreligiousrites,sacredgames,
ritualdances,worshiponsacrificialaltars
Greekreligion:
•Ahighlydevelopedformofnatureworship
•Godsaspersonificationsofnaturalelements,ordeified
mortals
•Godscouldinfluenceeventsinthehumanworld
•Greekssoughtadvicefromoracles–oracleatDelphi
Greek
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Aegean
•Roughandmassive
Hellenic
•Mostlyreligiousarchitecture
•"carpentryinmarble“-timberformsimitatedinstonewith
remarkableexactness
Hellenistic
•Notreligiousincharacter,butcivic–forthepeople
•ProvidedinspirationforRomanbuildingtypes
•Dignifiedandgraciousstructures
•Symmetrical,orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
•Columnarandtrabeated
•Rooftrussappeared,enablinglargespacestobe
unhinderedbycolumns
MATERIALS
•Timberandterracotta
•Stone
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

25. history of architecture
EXAMPLES
HOUSES
Onislands:
•Flatroofing
•Drawntogetherinblocks
•Twotofourstoreyshigh
•Lightadmittedthroughlightwells
Onmainland:
•Single-storeyedhousewithdeepplan
•Columnedentranceporchwithcentraldoorway
•Livingapartmentproperwithsleepingroombehind
TOMBS
•rock-cutorchambertombs-“tholos”tomb
TreasuryofAtreus,Mycenae
Greek
PALACES
PalaceofKingMinos,Knossos
PalaceatTyrins
LionGate,Mycenae
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

26. history of architecture
Greek
TEMPLES
•Chiefbuildingtype
•Earliestonesresembledmegaronin
planandconstruction
•Numberofcolumnsatentrance:
1column–hemostyle
2columns–distyle
3columns–tristyle
4columns–tetrastyle
5columns–pentastyle
6columns–hexastyle
7columns–heptastyle
8columns–octastyle
9columns–enneastyle
10columns–decastyle
12columns–dodecastyle
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

27. history of architecture
Greek
MOULDINGS
•Architecturaldevices,whichwith
lightandshade,producedefinitionto
abuilding
•Couldberefinedanddelicatein
contour,duetofinenessofmarble
andtheclarityofatmosphereandlight
Arris
Splay
Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
Ogee
Cyma Recta
Cyma Reversa
Beak
Brace
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

28. history of architecture
•Certainrefinementsusedtocorrectopticalillusions:
•Horizontallinesbuiltconvextocorrectsagging
•Verticalfeaturesinclinedinwardstocorrectappearance
offallingoutwards
•Oncolumns,entasiswasused,swellingoutwardsto
correctappearanceofcurvinginwards
METHODSOFNATURALLIGHTING
•nowindows
•clerestory-situatedbetweenroofandupperportionof
wall
•skylight-madeofthin,translucentmarble
•templedoor,orientedtowardstheeast
Greek
GREEKORDERS
•Shaft,Capital,andHorizontalentablature(architrave,
frieze,cornice)
•Originally,DoricandIonic,namedafterthetwomain
branchesofGreekrace
•ThenthereevolvedCorinthian,apurelydecorativeorder
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

29. history of architecture
DORICORDER
•Withoutbase,directlyoncrepidoma
•Height(includingcapital)of4to6
timesthediameteratthebase
•Shaftdiminishesattopfrom3/4to
2/3ofbasediameter
•Dividedinto20shallowflutes
separatedbyarrises
•Doriccapitalshadtwoparts-the
squareabacusaboveandcircular
bulbousechinusbelow
Doricentablature:
•Heightis1and3/4timesthelower
diameterinheight
3maindivisions:
•Architrave,principalbeamof2or3
slabsindepth
•Frieze
•Cornice,mouldings
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

30. history of architecture
IONICORDER
•Voluteorscrollcapital(derived
fromEgyptianlotusandAegean
art)
Ioniccolumn:
•MoreslenderthanDoric
•Neededabasetospreadload
•Heightwas9timesthebase
diameter
•Has24flutesseparatedby
fillets
•Upperandlowertorus
Ionicentablature:
•Heightwas2and1/4timesthe
diameterofcolumn
Twoparts:
•Architrave,withfasciae
•Cornice
•Nofrieze
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

31. history of architecture
Greek
CORINTHIANORDER
•DecorativevariantofIonicOrder
Corinthiancolumn:
•BaseandshaftresembledIonic
•Moreslender
•Heightof10diameters
•Capital:muchdeeperthanIonic,1
and1/6diametershigh
•CapitalinventedbyCallimachus,
inspiredbybasketoverrootof
acanthusplant
3parts:
•Architrave,
•Frieze,
•Cornice,developedtypewithdentils
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

32. history of architecture
TempleofNikeApteros,Athens
TempleofArtemisEphesus
TheErectheion,Acropolis
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TempleofHera,Paestum
TheParthenon,Acropolis

33. history of architecture
AGORA
STOA
PRYTANEION,BOULEUTERION, orASSEMBLYHALL
TEMENOS
•Enclosuredesignatedasasacredland
•Entiregroupsofbuildingslaidoutsymmetricallyand
orderly
AcropolisatPergamon
TheAcropolis,Athens
10structuresformaworld-famousbuildinggroup:
•Propylaea
•Pinacotheca
•StatueofAthenaPromachos
•Erectheion
•Parthenon
•TempleofNikeApteros
•OldTempleofAthena
•StoaofEumeses
•TheaterofDionysus
•OdeonofHerodesAtticus
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

34. history of architecture
STADIUMorHIPPODROME
PROPYLAEA
PALAESTRAandGYMNASIUM
NAVALBUILDING
TOMBS/MAUSOLEUM
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
THEATERorODEION
•Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
•Acoustically-efficient
TheaterofEpidauros

35. history of architecture
Roman
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
RomanGreek

36. history of architecture
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
•Manycity-statesontheItalianpeninsula
•From800-300BC,amongallcitiesinItaly,Rome
becamethemostpowerful
•334–264BC,RomeconqueredallofItalyand
establishedoneofthestrongestempiresinhistory
•Wascentrally-locatedonthenorthernMediterranean
•Notasea-faringpeople
•Dependedonconquestbylandtoextendtheirpower
•FoughtwithCarthageinNorthAfricaforcontrolofthe
Mediterranean
•HanniballedtheCarthaginianarmyandits38elephants
acrosstheAlpsintoRome
2periods:
EtuscanorEtruscan(750BCto146BC)
Roman(146BCto365AD)
•Developedconstitutionalrepublic
•Farmers&soldiers,concernedwithefficiencyandjustice
•For500yearsRomewasruledbyelectedleaderscalled
consuls
•In27BC,AugustuscrownedhimselfEmperorwithtotal
power
•SuccessionofmilitarydictatorshipsofwhichJulius
Caesar’swasmostfamous
•Empirereacheditsgreatestsizein114ADunder
EmperorTrajan-4000kmwideand60millioninhabitants
•Usednaturalfrontierssuchasmountainrangesand
riverstodefinetheirempire
•Otherwisetheybuiltfortifiedwalls,suchasHadrian’s
WallinEngland
•Provincesrunbygovernors
•Latinwastheofficiallanguage
•Appliedromansystemoflaws
•Wastheintermediaryinspreadingartandcivilizationin
Europe,WestAsiaandNorthAfrica
Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan
SEGOVIA
PERSIA
EGYPT
GREECE
FRANCE
SPAIN
AFRICA
BRITAIN
GERMANY
NIMES
ROME
CARTHAGE
BYZANTIUM
(CONSTANTINOPLE)
ANTIOCH
POMPEII
ATHENS
LONDON
ITALY
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

37. history of architecture
RELIGION
•Polytheistic,severalcults
•Romanmythologyslowlyderivedattributesfromthoseof
Greekgods
GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGYandCLIMATE
•Italianpeninsula:Centralandcommandingpositionon
Mediterraneansea
•Temperateinthenorth
•SunnyincentralItaly
•Almosttropicalinsouth
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
•Etruscansweregreatbuilders
•Large-scaleundertakings,likecitywallsandsewers
•Drainingmarshes,controllingriversandlakesbyusing
channels
•Romanshadgreatconstructiveability
•Complex,ofseveralstories
•Utilitarian,practical,economicuseofmaterials
MATERIALS
•Stone:tufa,peperino,travertine,lavastone,sand,gravel
•Marble,mostlywhite
•ImportedmarblefromallpartsoftheEmpiretoriver
Tiber
•Earthforterracottaandbricks
•Etruscansintroducedtheuseofconcrete(300ADto400
AD):
•Stoneorbrickrubblewithpozzolana,athickvolcanic
earthmaterialasmortar
•Usedforwalls,vaults,domes
•ConcreteallowedRomanstobuildvaultsofamagnitude
neverequaleduntil19thcenturysteelconstruction
Roman
COLUMNS
•Ordersofarchitecture,usedbyGreeksconstructively,
wereusedbyRomansasdecorativefeatureswhichcould
beomitted
TuscanOrder
•SimplifiedversionofDoricorder
•About7diametershigh
•Withabase,unflutedshaft,mouldedcapital,plain
entablature
CompositeOrder
•Evolvedin100AD,combiningprominentvolutesofIonic
withacanthusofCorinthian
•Mostdecorative
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

38. history of architecture
Roman
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
•AdoptedcolumnarandtrabeatedstyleofGreeks
•ArchandvaultsystemstartedbyEtruscans-combined
useofcolumn,beamandarch(arctuated)
•Wereabletocoverlargespaceswithouttheaidof
intermediatesupport

39. history of architecture
TYPESOFVAULTS
Wagon/Barrel/TunnelVault:
•Semi-circularorwagon-headed,borneontwoparallel
wallsthroughoutitslength
WagonVaultwithIntersectingVault:
CrossVault:
•Formedbytheintersectionoftwosemi-circularvaultsof
equalspan-usedoversquareapartmentorbays
HemisphericalDome/Cupola:
•Usedovercircularstructures
Roman
DECORATION
Mosaics
•Thousandsofsmallstonesorglasstilessetinmortarto
formapattern
•Showedpicturesofromanlife
•OpusIncertum-smallstones,loosepatternresembling
polygonalwalling
•OpusQuadratum-rectangularblocks,withorwithout
mortarjoints
•OpusReticulatum-net-likeeffect,withfinejointsrunning
diagonally
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

40. history of architecture
FORUM
•Romancitieswerewell-plannedwithstraightstreets
crossingthetowninagridpattern
•Inthetowncenterwasanopenspacecalledtheforum
•Surroundedbyahall,offices,lawcourtsandshops
BASILICAS
BasilicaintheForum,Pompeii
BasilicaofSeptimiusSeverus,LepcisMagna
EXAMPLES
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE
MaisonCaree,Nimes
CIRCULARTEMPLE
ThePantheon.Rome
Roman
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

41. history of architecture
THERMAE
•Romanslikedtokeepcleanandfit
•Builtelaboratepublicbathsthroughouttheempire
•Forasmanyas30menandwomenintheopen
Partsofthethermae
•Apodyteria–dressingroom
•Laconicum(sudatorium)-sweatroom,rubbingwithoil
•Tepidarium–warmbath
•Frigidarium–coldbath
•Unctuaria–oilsandperfumesroom
BathsofDiocletian,Rome
Roman
DOMUS
INSULAE
•3-or4-storeytenementtypebuildings
•Prototypeforthemoderncondominium
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

42. history of architecture
CIRCUS
CircusMaximus,Rome
THEATERSandAMPHITHEATERS
•Gladiatorstrainedtofighteachotheratorganized
contests
•Fortheentertainmentofthetownspeople
TheColosseum,Rome
Roman
TRIUMPHALARCHES
ArchofSeptimiusSeverus,TheForum,Rome
AQUEDUCTS
•Carriedwaterinpipesfromthecountrytotheheartofthe
city
PontduGard,Nimes,France
SegoviaAqueduct,Spain
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO