History of chocolate

history

1. North Carolina Testing Program EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items

Page 1
Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


History of Chocolate
from World Cocoa Foundation

Chocolate Through the Years

The story of chocolate, as far back as
we know it, begins with the discovery of
America. Until 1492, the Old World knew
nothing at all about the delicious and
stimulating flavor that was to become the
favorite of millions.
The Court of King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella got its first look at the
principal ingredient of chocolate when
Columbus returned in triumph from America
and laid before the Spanish throne a
treasure trove of many strange and
wonderful things. Among these were a few
dark brown beans that looked like almonds
and seemed most unpromising. They were
cocoa beans, today’s source of all our
chocolate and cocoa.
The King and Queen never dreamed
how important cocoa beans could be, and it
remained for Hernando Cortez, the great
Spanish explorer, to grasp the commercial
possibilities of the New World offerings.

Food of the Gods

During his conquest of Mexico, Cortez
found the Aztec Indians using cocoa beans in
the preparation of the royal drink of the
realm, chocolatl, meaning warm liquid. In
1519, Emperor Montezuma, who reportedly
drank 50 or more portions daily, served
chocolatl to his Spanish guests in great
golden goblets, treating it like a food for the
gods.
For all its regal importance, however,
Montezuma’s chocolatl was very bitter, and
the Spaniards did not find it to their taste.
To make the concoction more agreeable to
Europeans, Cortez and his countrymen
conceived of the idea of sweetening it with
cane sugar.
While they took chocolatl back to
Spain, the idea found favor and the drink
underwent several more changes with newly
discovered spices, such as cinnamon and
vanilla. Ultimately, someone decided the
drink would taste better if served hot.
The new drink won friends, especially
among the Spanish aristocracy. Spain wisely
proceeded to plant cocoa in its overseas
colonies, which gave birth to a very
profitable business. Remarkably enough, the
Spanish succeeded in keeping the art of the
cocoa industry a secret from the rest of
Europe for nearly a hundred years.

Chocolate Spreads to Europe

Spanish monks, who had been
consigned to process the cocoa beans, finally
let the secret out. It did not take long before
chocolate was acclaimed throughout Europe
as a delicious, health-giving food. For a
while it reigned as the drink at the
fashionable Court of France. Chocolate
drinking spread across the Channel to Great
Britain, and in 1657 the first of many famous
English Chocolate Houses appeared.
The hand methods of manufacture
used by small shops gave way in time to the
mass production of chocolate. The transition
was hastened by the advent of a perfected
steam engine which mechanized the cocoa
grinding process. By 1730, chocolate had
dropped in price from three dollars or more
per pound to within the financial reach of all.
The invention of the cocoa press in 1828
reduced the prices even further and helped
to improve the quality of the beverage by
squeezing out part of the cocoa butter, the fat
that occurs naturally in cocoa beans. From
then on, drinking chocolate had more of the
smooth consistency and the pleasing flavor it
has today.

2. North Carolina Testing Program EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items

Page 2
Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


The 19th Century marked two more
revolutionary developments in the history of
chocolate. In 1847, an English company
introduced solid “eating chocolate” through
the development of fondant chocolate, a
smooth and velvety variety that has almost
completely replaced the old coarse-grained
chocolate which formerly dominated the
world market. The second development
occurred in 1876 in Vevey, Switzerland,
when Daniel Peter devised a way of adding
milk to the chocolate, creating the product
we enjoy today known as milk chocolate.

Chocolate Comes To America

In the United States of America, the
production of chocolate proceeded at a faster
pace than anywhere else in the world. It was
in the prerevolutionary New England–1765,
to be exact–that the first chocolate factory
was established.
Chocolate has gained so much
importance since that time, that any
interruption in its supply would be keenly
felt.
During World War II, the
U.S. government recognized chocolate’s role
in the nourishment and group spirit of the
Allied Armed Forces, so much so that it
allocated valuable shipping space for the
importation of cocoa beans. Many soldiers
were thankful for the pocket chocolate bars
which gave them the strength to carry on
until more food rations could be obtained.
Today, the U.S. Army D-rations include
three 4-ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has
even been taken into space as part of the diet
of U.S. astronauts.

Growing the Cocoa Bean

Cocoa beans are the product of the
cacao tree. The origin of the cacao tree is in
dispute. Some say it originated in the
Amazon basin of Brazil, others place it in the
Orinoco Valley of Venezuela, while still
others contend that it is native to Central
America.
Wherever its first home, we know the
cacao tree is strictly a tropical plant thriving
only in hot, rainy climates. Thus, its
cultivation is confined to the lands not more
than 20 degrees north or south of the
equator.

The Need For Shelter

The cacao tree is very delicate and
sensitive. It needs protection from the wind
and requires a fair amount of shade under
most conditions. This is true especially in its
first two to four years of growth.
A newly planted cacao seedling is
often sheltered by a different type of tree. It
is normal to plant food crops for shade, such
as banana, plantain, coconuts or cocoyams.
Rubber trees and forest trees are also used
for shade. Once established, however, cacao
trees can grow in full sunlight, provided
there are fertile soil conditions and intensive
husbandry.* Cacao plantations (trees under
cultivation), and estates, usually in valleys
or coastal plains, must have evenly
distributed rainfall and rich, well-drained
soil.
As a general rule, cacao trees get their
start in a nursery bed where seeds from
high-yielding trees are planted in fiber
baskets or plastic bags. The seedlings grow
so fast that
in a few months they are ready for
transplanting, container and all.

*husbandry: farming

3. North Carolina Testing Program EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items

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Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


The First Fruit

With pruning and careful cultivation,
the trees of most strains will begin bearing
fruit in the fifth year. With extreme care,
some strains can be induced to yield good
crops in the third and fourth years.
Everything about the tree is just as
colorful as its history. An evergreen, the
cacao tree has large glossy leaves that are
red when young and green when mature.
Overlays of clinging moss and colorful
lichens are often found on the bark of the
trunk, and in some areas beautiful small
orchids grow on its branches. The tree
sprouts thousands of tiny waxy pink or white
five-petaled blossoms that cluster together
on the trunk and older branches. But, only
3 to 10 percent will go on to mature into full
fruit.
The fruit, which will eventually be
converted into the world’s chocolate and
cocoa, has green or sometimes
maroon-colored pods on the trunk of the tree
and its main branches. Shaped somewhat
like an elongated melon tapered at both
ends, these pods often ripen into a golden
color or sometimes take on a scarlet hue with
multicolored flecks.
At its maturity, the cultivated tree
measures from 15 to 25 feet tall, though the
tree in its wild state may reach 60 feet or
more.
The potential age of a tree is open to
speculation. There are individual trees
known to be over 200 years of age, but no one
has determined the real life span of the
species. However, in 25 years the economic
usefulness of a tree may be considered at an
end, and it often becomes desirable to
replant with younger trees.

“History of Chocolate” from the World Cocoa Foundation (www.chocolateandcocoa.org), © 1999-2004 World Cocoa
Foundation. Used by permission.


1. Which word best describes chocolate
in Europe before 1492?
A coarse

B
bitter

C
luxurious

D
unknown



2. How did the Spaniards react when
first introduced to chocolate?
A They did not like it.
B They used cocoa beans as
currency.
C They shared it eagerly with other
nations.
D They rewarded the Aztecs who
introduced them to it.

4. North Carolina Testing Program EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items

Page 4
Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


3. In paragraph 5, what does concoction
mean?
A
gift

B
mixture

C medicine

D treatment



4. In paragraph 5, what does the author
mean by “regal importance”?
A
value as a money crop

B
needed to maintain good health

C
impression on the invading
Spaniards

D
use as a refreshment for royalty



5. In paragraph 9, which kind of
transition does the author mention?
A
from nutritious bean to unhealthy
dessert

B
from uneven or inferior quality to
excellent quality

C
from specialty product to widely
available product

D from a cheap product to an
expensive product



6. How did European processing methods
affect chocolate?
A
It became cleaner, safer, and
healthier.
B It became sweeter, smoother, and
milder.
C It became more costly, less
available, and more desirable.
D It became more stimulating, more
harmful, and more expensive.



7. In paragraph 12, what does the author
imply would happen if people could
not buy chocolate?
A They would be upset.
B They would find substitutes.
C They would experience fatigue.
D They would become
undernourished.

5. North Carolina Testing Program EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items

Page 5
Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


8. What is the best reason for having
this selection on a chocolatier’s Web
site?
A Internet customers need
assurance about the product’s
quality.

B Buyers of gourmet chocolates
might like to grow their own.

C Chocolate lovers would be
interested in chocolate’s history.

D Cacao tree farmers want to know
about markets for their crops.



9. How were the Spaniards’ addition of
flavorings and sweeteners to
chocolate, the English production of
fondant chocolate, and the Swiss
invention of milk chocolate similar?
A They were attempts to make the
product affordable.
B They made the product appeal to
European tastes.
C They were addi tions made for the
sake of purity and health.
D They made the manufacturing
process less costly.



End of Set


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6. EOG Grade 8 Reading Sample Items


Selection Title
Question
Number
Correct
Answer

Thinking Skill
Objective
Number


Page 1 Published April 2008. May reproduce for instructional and
educational purposes only; not for personal or financial gain.


History of Chocolate 1 D Analyzing 2.01

History of Chocolate 2 A Analyzing 2.01

History of Chocolate 3 B Analyzing 6.01

History of Chocolate 4 D Analyzing 2.01

History of Chocolate 5 C Analyzing 2.01

History of Chocolate 6 B Analyzing 2.01

History of Chocolate 7 A Analyzing 5.01

History of Chocolate 8 C Generating 2.01

History of Chocolate 9 B Analyzing 2.01