History_of_Computers_Presentation on generations of computers

basics of computer and generations of computers

1. The History of Computers A Journey Through Time

2. Ancient Computing Tools • Abacus (c. 2400 BCE): Early tool for arithmetic using beads.

3. The Mechanical Era • Pascaline (1642): Blaise Pascal's mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction. • Stepped Reckoner (1672): Leibniz's device for multiplication and division.

4. The Birth of Modern Computing • Difference Engine (1822): Charles Babbage's mechanical calculator for polynomials.

5. Analytical Engine (1837): Babbage's design for a programmable computer. • Ada Lovelace (1843): First computer programmer, wrote algorithms for the Analytical Engine.

6. First Generation (1940-1956) • Technology: Vacuum Tubes • Characteristics: Massive, slow, produced much heat, consumed a lot of power • Programming was done in machine language • Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC I

7. The ENIAC was the first operational electronic general-purpose computer, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer . In ENIAC, 18000 vacuum tubes were used to build it in 1943. UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer was another stored program machine of the first generation.

8. Second Generation (1956-1963) • Technology: Transistors • Characteristics: Smaller, faster, more reliable, less power • Used assembly language and early high-level languages • Examples: IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108

9. Third Generation (1964-1971) • Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs) • Characteristics: Smaller, more powerful, more reliable • Development of operating systems and time-sharing • Examples: IBM 360, Honeywell 6000

10. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) • Technology: Microprocessors • Characteristics: Led to personal computers (PCs) • Smaller, faster, more affordable, widely accessible • Examples: Apple II, IBM PC

11. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) • Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing (emerging) • Characteristics: Mimic human reasoning, advancements in AI, machine learning • Examples: IBM Watson, Google’s Quantum Computer

12. The Internet and Modern Computing • ARPANET (1969): First network to use TCP/IP protocol, leading to the modern Internet. • World Wide Web (1990): Tim Berners-Lee's system for sharing information online. • Mobile Computing and Cloud (2000s): Smartphones and cloud computing revolutionized access.

13. The Future of Computing • Quantum Computing: New paradigm using quantum mechanics to solve complex problems. • Artificial Intelligence: AI and machine learning enable pattern recognition and decision-making.