History of Contact Lenses.pptx

A crisp but detailed relevant History of contact lenses with timeline relevant to each period.

1. History of Contact Lenses By Lavanya Kalikivayi, M.Opt., FLVPEI., FIACLE., (Pursuing PhD) Associate Professor Ahalia School of Optometry & Research Centre

2. 1508 Leonardo da vinci Schematic eye immersed in water 1637 Rene Descartes Enlarging the retinal image (Concept of telescope) 1801 Thomas Young 25mm tube filled with H2O-placed in front of the eye with eye in contact.

3. 1845 Sir John Herschel A spherical glass on jelly over corneal surface 1859 William White Cooper Glass mask filled the fornices to prevent symblepharon (Therapeutic Use Concept) 1887 F A Muller & Sons Pioneers in artificial eye making (Father of Contact Lenses)

4. 1888 Adolf E Fick Corrective CLs. Blown glass material with 2% glucose solution fill to avoid corneal clouding Eugene Kalt Devised CLs for Keratoconus. Cauterization of corneal cone with silver nitrate & instillation of Miotics with application of pressure dressing Replaced with glass shellwith curvature same as cornea to increase VA. 1889 August Muller Suggested making post. Surface of CLs similar to ant. Surface. Capillary action of tear film would enable CLs to adhere to cornea. Tried molding corneal shape in vivo which was NOT successful

5. 1892 D.E.Sulzer Corneal irregularity can be masked by filling with a liquid having RI same as cornea & aqueous. Henry H Dor Replaced glucose solution with normal saline with same tonicity of tears to reduce corneal edema. 1896 Thomas Lohnstein “Water Spectacles” – CL filled with saline was worn successfully for 1 to 1.5 hours at a time. Also called “ Hydrodiascope ” 1911 Carl Zeiss of Jena Made lathe cut lenses from molds. Better optical performance. First commercially available trial lenses (21) Fit assessment involved using fluorescein & observation of bubble formation.

6. 1930 Rohm & Haas Developed a novel plastic material from acrylic resin (Soft & rubber like) Precursor of PMMA Crawford & Hill Patented PMMA & the trade name was “Perspex” Material of choice foe corneo scleral lenses. Low specific gravity Ease of manufacture 1937 J Teissler Scleral shells from CAB Poor optical quality 1946 Dennis C England 1934 First corneal CL with PMMA, but got rejected as correcting irregular cornea, ‘K’ alone is not sufficient. Kevin M Tuohy PMMA with 1mm Dia & 0.4mm thickness – patented corneal contact lenses 1950 George H Butterfield Patented Multicurve Design 1936 Theodore Obrig Discovered use of cobalt blue light & fluorescein In 1942, published the first text book on CL fitting

7. 1954 Otto Wichterle & Drashoslav Lim Discovered pHEMA with 38.6% water content Since this was unstable Xerogel polymer was used to have stable physical properties. Led to development of HEMA Centrifugal molding (spin casting) & patent in 1961. 1956 Walter & Becker Developed & patented Silicone Elastomers 1964 NPDC & Robert Morrison (National Patent Development Corporation) Brought Spin Casting Patent 1966 B&L acquired license to manufacture spin casting. 1968 US FDA classified SCL as a “Drug”. 1970 John de Carle Pioneered the Continuous Wear concept. in H 2 O content, in Dia. leads to in DK Dev. “ Permalens ” (copolymer of HEMA+VP+MA) with 71% H 2 O content

8. 1972 Norman Gaylord & Leonard Seidner (Father of RGP CLs) Developed Silicone Acrylates. Polycon lenses 1974 Norman O Stahl, Leon A Reich, & Edward Lvani Developed new RGP material CAB-Rx-56 Hi-index Strong & resistant to high temperatures DK higher than PMMA But Dimensionally unstable. 1982 - Boston II developed 1983 - Don Ezekiel (Australia) GP Sclerals 1986 - Paraperm EW Dk 57 1997 - Paragon HDS, Space Shuttle Endeavour, 10-year program

9. 1971 B&L obtained FDA approval to market SCL, “Softlens”. 1978 Orlando A Battista Developed collagen CLs Conceived Disposable lens concept Was unstable & dissolved in tears. 1980 Michael Bay Introduced high H2O content hydrogels “ Danalens ” first disposable SCL made commercially 1981 Cooper vision acquired “ Permalens ” to manufacture & market. 1984 J&J Vistakon acquired these & modified with Etafilcon A material with 58% H 2 O content. 1985 B&L acquired the “ Silsoft ” design DW SCL for aphakia from Dow Corning Company. 1987 Marketed them as Acuvue lens 1994 Daily disposable marketed by J&J Vistakon as “ Acuvue ” & B&L as “ Occasions”. The world of CLs changed forever with the launch of J&J’s Acuvue disposable CLs. US: 1987, UK & Australia: 1988

10. A patent for a non-circular, toric SCL granted (filed, 1997) to a team ( Payor , Zhang, Williams, & Lafferty) from CIBA Vision , Atlanta . 1994 Rotationally Stabilized Contact Lens and Method of Lens Stabilization Clinical trials were favourable Prism-free optics Complexity of design a disadvantage Cost of secondary manufacture makes cost less competitive Non-circular shape means shape is not self-generating 1999 Launch of the first two silicon hydrogel CLs within months of each other, both for monthly CW Night & Day from CIBA Vision Purevision from B&L J&J add a UV filter & 123 inversion marks to Acuvue 2 & Acuvue Bifocal CLs

11. 200 2 Silicone hydrogel contact lenses. 2010 Custom manufactured Silicone hydrogels Ortho K lenses (Corneal reshaping lenses) CIBA Vision 1 st DD toric CL, Focus Dailies Toric The Triton translating soft bifocal CL by Don Ezekiel of Gelflex Australia gained FDA approval 2007 Ultravision launch custom SiHy CLs in Kerasoft , HydroWave , bandage, paediatric, aphakic, & myopic CL ranges

12. 2011 Luxury CLs with gold & diamond decoration revealed – practical? – wearable? Myopia control using modulation of peripheral focus comes to the fore using orthokeratology & multifocal CLs for emerging myopes Coopervision launch MiSight in a limited roll-out is key Asia-Pacific countries for myopia control 2013 SynergEyes launch their hybrid CLs: Duette Duette Progressive Duette MultiFocal UltraHealth ClearKone

13. 2014 Google announce plans to produce a CL version of their Google Glass product ( GG is being revised as @ 2015) Google are also working on CLs to monitor the blood sugar levels for diabetics (see earlier) Alcon announce Air Optix Colors , a series of tinted SiHy CLs J&J release their Define DD, eye highlighting CLs