History of ext. edu.

It is important understanding extension education

1. EXTENSION EDUCATION IN
INDIA DURING PRE-
INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
RajinderKaurKalra
Professor and Head (Retired)
PAU Ludhiana 9814067709

2. Extension Service is divided
into following different parts
Purelygovernmenteffortswith
peoples’cooperation.
RuralReconstructioneffortsmadein
thecountrybyindividuals/
organizationswithorwithout
governmentsupport.

3. A.Efforts by British Government
Tilllastquarterofthe19
th
century,nothingwasdoneforvillages.
Anumberoffaminesinthecountry,from1875to1901(18of
them)forcedtheBritishgovernmenttoappointcommissions.
VariousActswerepassedwhichhelpedcreditavailability.
Variousdevelopmentdepartmentswerealsoestablishedinthe
states.
Irrigationprojectswerealsotaken.
In1935,theruraldevelopmentworktransferredasastate
subject.
Thereisnopeople’scooperation,participationandinvolvement.

4. B. Projects taken in hand by
individual organizations with or without
government
Gurgaonexperiment:1920,ByFLBrayne
Objectives: Irrigation,Afforestation,
Composting,Cattleimprovement,improved
seeds,implements,Improvedmethodsof
cultivation,healthpracticesandsocial
functions.
TeachingAids:Films,folksongsanddrama.
Basewasforcenotpersuation.

5. MarthandamProject–1921.SpencerHatch.
Purpose:Spiritual,mental,physical,socialandeconomic
developmentofruralpeople.
Achievements:Introduced–Improvedpracticesinpoultry,
dairy,bee-keeping,Agricultureandcooperativemovementto
finance,saleandsuppliestoitsmembers.
ShriniketanExperiment:-1921RabindranathTagoreinBengal.
Aim:-CulturalandsocialdevelopmentofBengalvillages.
emphasiswasonvillagesurveys,trainingofyouthandvillage
leadershipandAdultEducation.
Lineofactivities:-Agriculture,Villagewelfare,Cooperation
scoutorganizations,IndustriesEducationetc.

6. Sevagram:1920 By M K Gandhiji at Sevagram and later at
Wardha in 1938
Objectives
•Service of under privileged and villagers
•Rebuilding of the villages.
•Objectives were to be achieved on the basis of truth
and non-violence.
Rural Reconstruction Movement –1932 By V T Krishnamachari
at Baroda State
Objectives:
Rapid increase in standards of living, Industrialization and
expansion of the Education system.
To increase Agricultural production, provision of link roads and
drinking water.

7. FirkaDevelopmentscheme–1946inMadrasin34
selectedFirkasandlaterextendedto108Firkasin
1953.
Aims–werebasedonGandhianideologybybringing
aboutnotonlytheeducational,economic,sanitaryand
improvementsofvillagelifebutalsobymakingself
confidenceandselfreliant.
InOctober1953,thisschemewasmergedwiththe
communitydevelopmentprogramme.
Activities–Villagecommunicationruralwatersupply,
formationofpanchayat,cooperation,electrification
basiceducationandKhadiandcottageindustries.

8. Reasons for the failures of rural
development projects
•Projects mostly based on individual initiative
•Lack of Government and Financial support
•Isolated uneven, and discontinuance
•Ill defined objectives
•Inadequate inexperienced, untrained staff
•No Parallel programme of supplies, services, guidance and
supervision
•Lack of research and evaluation
•Limited coordination with development departments
•Lack of involvement of village people

9. Extension Service in India During Post
Independence Period
Nilokheri Experiment –1947 S K Day.
Aim:
Rehabilitate 7,000 displaced persons from West Pakistan and
later integrated with 100 surrounding villages.
Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township in all essential
requirements of life.
Mr Dey worked on the saying “seeing is believing”
and “Learning by doing”

10. Etawah Pilot Project –1948 Mr Albert Mayer launched
by government of Uttar Pradesh in 64 villages
Objectives:
Toseetheextentofimprovementpossiblein
Production,socialimprovement,developmentof
initiative,selfcomplianceandcooperationinanaverage
district.
Key person–Village level workers
Activities:
Increasing farm yields, soil conservation, Animal
husbandry, Village sanitation and social Education.
Achievements
Success and the pattern was accepted for CDP
Main Features
Integrated approach to village life.

11. Community Development Projects (CDP) 1952
Aims
To assess Public cooperation and gain administrative experience.
GrowMoreFoodEnquiryCommitteemadeanelaboratedstudyofthe
agriculturalsituationinIndiaandrecommendedtheestablishmentof
NationalExtensionOrganization,forruralwork,whichcouldreachevery
farmer.ThisrecommendationwasacceptedforopeningmoreBlocksandit
ledtoGovttostartdilutedformofCommunityDevelopmentcalledthe
NationalExtensionServices(NES–1953)
Achievements : -
•Provision of Amenities in villages.
•Awakened the rural people regarding their rights.
•Increased the agricultural production.
Failures : -
•Focused much on amenities than economic development.
•People did not participate equally and adequately.
•Officers were not rural oriented.
•Failed to solve food problems and enlarge agricultural base.

12. Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) 1961
(also known as package programme)
Aims: -
To increase productivity of agricultural land.
To develop the package of practices for different crops.
To evolve effective Agricultural technology.
Special Feature:-
IADP was path finder and pace setter.
The programme showed that the small farmers were as
good as big farmers, if they were given the resources.
Achievements :-Yield increased by 10-20%

13. Farm advisory service scheme (FASS) -1962
Developed by PAU Ludhiana at University level as well as at the
district head quarter.
Aims: -
To promote quick transfer of technology research in different
agro-climate situations in district of the farmers field.
To get first hand feed back of their farm problems.
Toamendrecommendationstotheactualfarmsituationsbythe
DistrictExtensionspecialistofPAU.
 Activities:Adaptiveresearchtraits,frontline
demonstration,surveysoffieldcrops,blockandvillage
leveltrainingcamps,fielddays,demonstrations,
campaignsandonthespotguidance.

14. The intensive Agricultural Area Programme ( IAAP )
1964
Objectives: -
•Increasetheproductionandyieldofmaincropsinselected
areasthroughintensiveefforts.
High Yielding varieties programme (1966) (HYVP)
Objectives: -
•To achieve self sufficiency in cereal foods Under this
programme
Farmers training and education .
Farm broad casts.
National demonstrations.

15. National Demonstration Project (NDP) 1965
It is the first line project sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture. (GOI)
Objectives:-
* To demonstrate the technology for Obtaining maximum yield per
unit area per unit time by adopting all package of practices.
Multiple cropping Programme (1967-68) Small farmers / Marginal
farmers and Agricultural Labourers. Development agency (SFDA &
MFALA) 1971-1972
Objective: To deal with the problem of small farmers by formulating
specific programmes of crop husbandry, occupation to increase their ?????
Functions of SFDA & MFALA :
 Identify small farmers on the basis of potential viability and
investigate their problems
 Formulate economic programmes
 Promote rural industries
 Evolveadequateinstitutional,financialandadministrative
arrangementsforimplementingvariousprogrammes
 Promoteandcreatecommonfacilitiesforprovidingstorage,
marketing,etc.
 To strengthen the existing cooperative institutions.

16. Drought Prone Areas programme
(DPAP) 1970-71
Objectives:-
 Promotingamoreproductivedryland
agricultureonthebasisofthesoil,water,
climateresourcesofthearea.
 Tocreatedurablecommunityassets.
Components :-
 Irrigation,soilconservationanddryland
farming,aforestation,livestockandfisheries
development.
 MinikitProgramme(1971)Ministryof
Agriculture,Govt.ofIndia

17. Tribal Area Development programme
(TADP) 1971-72 Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
Objectives:-
 Studyindepththeproblemsoftribalareasrelatingto
communication,administrationsocialservicesandeconomic
developmentespeciallyagriculture.
 To encourage to adopt poultry-dairy Agriculture and fisheries.
Command Area Development Programme (CADP) 1974
Aim:-
 Toreducethewastageofwaterandtoadopt crops in
consonancewithavailablewater,soilandtopographyetc.
Components :-
 Irrigation
 Land shaping and leveling
 Enforcing suitable cropping pattern
 Farm plans and inputs supply
 Stregthening extension services
 Installation of Tubewells.

18. Training and Visit System (T&V) 1974
ByDenielBenor
Aim:-
• Toimproveandexpandagriculturalextensionservices
throughanintensivesystemoftrainingandvisits.
Characteristics of T&V
• Single line of administration
• Clear and specific functions and close supervision
• ADOshavelatestknowledgeandtheirtrainingisregular
andcontinuous.
• Full time responsibility of Agricultural Extension Work
• Regular visits of ADOs to the farmers
• Information about 3 or 4 crucial points is given
• Coordination between research and extension
• Operational area of ADO has been decreased

19. Time bound work
Itbeginswithsimplepracticesandisdevelopedinto
complexpracticesovertime.
Best use of local resources
Strongfeedbackmechanismandmoreemphasison
managementpractices
Recommendations according to ability
Hill Area development Programme(HADP) 1975
Aim:-
AllrounddevelopmentofAgricultureandimprovement
inlivingconditionsofthefarmersinhillyareas.

20. Whole village Development Programme
(WVDP) 1975
Components:- Overalllanddevelopmentplanningthrough
irrigation,supportandrestructuring
ofthe croppingpattern.
Operational research Project (ORP) 1975
Objectives :-
 Totest,adoptanddemonstratenewAgricultural
technologyonfarmersfieldonareabasis.
 TocalculatecriticallytheprofitabilityofnewAgril
technology.
 Toidentifythesocio-economicsbottlenecks.

21. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) 1974
KVK’saregrassrootlevelinstitutionsdesigned
toimpartneedbased,skill-oriented,shortand
longtermvocationaltrainingtofarmers,
extensionworkersandtomale,female,
rich/poor,illiterate,literatefarmers.Whointend
togoforselfemployment.Learningisprovided
throughworkexperience.Learningisprovided
toworkexperience.

22. Objectives:
Toimparttrainingtoinserviceextensionpersonneldealing
withagricultureandallieddisciplines.
Toimparttrainingtothefarmersandunemployedrural
youthforincreasingagriculturalproductivityandbringing
theminsubsidiaryoccupationstosupplementthefarm
income.
Toorganisefrontlinedemonstrationstogenerate
productiondataandfeedbackinformation.
TocollaboratewithscientistsofRegionalResearchStations
andStateExtensionPersonnelinonFarmTesting.

23. Activities
1.EachKVKhasafarmareawhichisusedforraising
foundation/certifiedseedsandprovidinglice
demonstrationforthetrainees.
2.Toimpartpracticalorientedtrainingindiversifiedareasof
agriculture.
No. YearMansa
TotalKVKinIndia 564 2007
Punjab 18 2007
Gurdaspur
Kapurthala
Bahowal
(Hoshiarpur)Langroya
(Nawan
Shahr)
Rauni
(Patiala)
Kheri
(Sangrur)
BathindaFaridkotFerozepurRopar Kalan
Amritsar
(Tarantaran)
Moga Mohali SamralaMukatsar Fatehgarh
Sahib
Barnala Jalandhar

24. Mandate of KVK
 Collaboratewithsubjectmatterspecialistforon-
farmtesting,refininganddocumenting
technologies.
 Organizetrainingtoupdateextensionpersonnel
inrequiredareas.
 Organizelong-termvocationaltraining
coursesinagriculturefortheruralyouth.
 OrganizeFrontLineDemonstrationsin
variouscrops.
Antyodaya (1977)
Objective:
 To solve poverty problems bit by bit , with family as
a unit.

25. Desert Development Programme (DDP) 1977
Ministry of Agriculture
Aims :-
 Controldesertification,upgradingthelocalresource
endowments,incomeandemployment
Components:-
 A forestation
 Minor irrigation
 Soil and water conservation
 Livestock development

26. Food for Work Programme (1977)
Objectives
Togenerateadditionalgainfulemploymentin
ruralareas,improveincomeandnutritionallevel.
Tomaintain,createcommunityassetsand
strengthenruralinfrastructuretoenhance
productionandimprovelivingstandards.

27. National Adult Education Programme
(NAEP) 1978
Concept :
Literacy and numeracy
Functional development
Social awareness
Objectives:
To identify requirements of different areas.
To explore available resources.
To orient the adult education properly.
To motivate the illiterates.
Economic and social development
Development of personality of individuals

28. Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP) 1978
Centrallysponsoredschemefundedin50:50basisbythe
centerandthestates
Objectives:-
 Toidentifythepoorestofthepoorfamiliesinvillageand
toprovidethememployment.
Achievements :-
• Subsidy is made available to small farmers @ 25%
• AndtomarginalfarmersAgriculturallaborersrural
[email protected]%ofthetotalprojectcost.

29. Lab to Land Programme 1979 (ICAR)
Objectives:-
 Toimprovetheoveralleconomicconditionsof
theselectedfamilies
 Toimprovetheoverallfarmingsystemof
selectedfamiliesbytransferoftechnology(TOT)
 Toimpartskilltothefarmers,farmwomen,farm
ruralyouthinthelatestAgriculturalTechnology
 Toestablishastrongandmeaningfulfeedback
processbetweenscientistsandthefarmers

30. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
(TRYSEM) 1979
Objective
Trainingruralyouthinthegroupof18-35belongingtofamilieshavingan
incomeoflessthanRs.4800/perannum.
Components :
 To train 40 rural youth per block per ;year.
 To pay monthly stipend, daily allowance.
 Grant of subsidy to the trained youth at the rate of 33.5 percent of the
cost of the scheme.
Subsidies -Rs.3000 -Non-DPAP
Rs.4000 -DPAP areas
Rs.5000 -ST families
(Scheduled tribe)
Emphasis:
Strengtheningofinfrastructuralfacilitieslikemarketing,provisionofatleast
onecompositetrainingcentreineveryDistrictandpropercoordinationamong
bankandBlockauthorities.

31. National Rural Employment Programme
(NREP) –1980
Objectives:
 Generateadditionalgainfulemploymentforunemployed
bothmenandwomen.
 Create durable community assets.
 Improve nutritional status and living standard of rural poor.
National Agricultural Research Project
(NARP) -1979 by ICAR Indian Bank of Rural
Development IBRD
Aims :
 Strengtheningregionalresearchcentersselectedonthebasis
ofspecifiedlocalneedsingivenagro-climaticsituation.
 Rationalizingofuniversityresearchprogrammes,research
organizations,researchneeds,linkingresearchservicewith
extensionservice.

32. Council for Advancement of Rural Technology
(CART) 1982
Objectives:
 Toactasthenodalpointforcoordinationofalleffortsfor
developmentanddisseminationoftechnology.
 Toactasacatalystfordevelopmentoftechnologyby
identifyingtheproblemsofruralpeople.
 Tostrengthenexistinginstitutionsofresearchand
development.
 Toactasaclearinghouseofinformationandadatabank.
 Todisseminateknowledgeoffarmmachinerytechnology
tomanufacture.
 Toconductasponsortrainingprogrammesfortrainers.
 Tocarryoutresearchstudies,surveys,evaluationetc.on
theuseofappropriatetechnology.

33. Front Line Demonstration “FLD” (1974)
Objectives:
• Todemonstratethenewlyreleasedcrop
productionandprotectiontechnologiesand
theirmanagementpracticesatthefarmers’field.
• Topreparetechnicalleadershipinvillagesby
wayofimpartingdesiredtraining.
• Toorganizeneedbasedtrainingprogrammesfor
SMSandfarmers.
Fielddemonstrationsconductedunderclosesupervision
ofthetechnologydemonstratedfirsttimebythescientists
2-4hectaresofland.

34. National Agriculture Extension Project
(NAEP) –1983
ItisbeinglaunchedwithhelpofIBRDWorldBankaffiliate,to
overcomethevariousconstraints.
Aim:
 Tobridgethegapbetweenwelldevelopedresearch
systemwithextensionsystemforfastertransferof
technology.
 FurtherstrengthenthecapabilitiesoftheStateDepartment
ofAgricultureincontextofoveralldevelopment
activities.
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP) –1983
Objectives
 Toimproveandexpandemploymentopportunitiesforrural
landless.
 Creation of durable community assets for
 Strengthening the rural infrastructure.

35. Development of Women and Children
in Rural Areas 1982-83 (DWCRA)
ItisasubschemeoftheIntegratedRuralDevelopment
Programme(IRDP).
Objectives:
 Toprovideincomegeneratingskillsandactivitiestopoor
womeninruralareasinordertoimprovetheirsocialand
economicstatus.
 Enhancingthewelfareandqualityoflifeofthefamily
andthecommunitybyimprovingtheaccessofrural
womentohealth,education,safedrinkingwater,
sanitationandnutrition.
Salientfeatures
 Membersgroupconsists10-15women.Fundamounting
toRs25,000/-pergroup.

36. Million Well Scheme (1988-89) MWS
Itissub-schemeoftheNationalRuralEmploymentProgramme
(NREP)andRuralLandlessEmploymentGuaranteeProgramme
(RLEGP).BothProgramme(NREPandRLEGP)mergeinto
JawaharRozgarYojna(JRY)in1989.MWSdelinkedfromJRY
andmadeanindependentschemefromJanuary,1996.
Objectives:
 Toprovideopenirrigationwellsfreeofcosttopoor,small
andmarginalfarmersbelowthepovertylinebelongingto
SC/STs.Andfreedbondedlabourers.ExpenditureRatio:
80:20(Central:StateGovt.)

37. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) 1989
Objectives
Primary Objectives :
Generationofemployment.
SecondaryObjectives:
Creationofsustainedemployment
CreatingCommunityandsocialassets
Positiveimpactonwagelevels.
Overalldevelopmentofruralareas.
Salientfeatures
Employment:30%reservationforwomen.
ZilaParishadisresponsibleforimplementationatDistrict
level
GramPanchayatatthevillagelevel.

38. Supply of Improved Tool Kits to
Rural Artisans (1992) (SITRA)
Objectives:
 Enablingruralartisanstoenhancethequalityof
theirproducts,increasetheirproductionand
incomeandreducingtheirmigrationtothe
urbanareas.
DRDA:DistrictRuralDevelopmentAgencyisthe
nodalagencyforimplementationofthe
scheme.

39. Employment Assurance Scheme (1993)
Objectives :
To provide assured gainful employment.
Creation of economic infrastructure.
Maximum of two adults per family are provided employment
under the scheme.
Institution Village Linkage Programme
(IVLP) 1994 by ICAR
Objectives :
 Toidentifythegapsandproblemsintheexistingfarming
system.
 To facilitate adoption of post harvest technologies.
 Tomonitorsocio-economicimpactofthetechnological
interventionfordifferentfarmproductionsystem.

40. National Social Assistance Programme (1995)
Components are :
 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
 National Family Benefit Scheme ( NFBS)
 National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS)

41. National agricultural technology project
(1998) NATP
World Bank Aided Project. Launched by GOI.
Ministry of Agriculture.
Objectives :
 Torevitalizethenationaltechnologygeneration,assessment,
refinementanddisseminationsystems.
 Toaddresslocation,specificproductionproblemsfor
whichtechnicalsolutionsexists.
 Tostrengthfrontierareasofresearchtotakeadvantagesof
moderntoolsnowavailable.
 Toconservenaturalresourcebaseandenhanceproductivity
oftheseresources.
 Tostrengthenmanagementtools,proceduresand
developmentofinformationmanagementsystems,suited
tonationalneeds.
 Tostrengthennationalcapacityinresearchandextension
management,policyplanning,priority,monitoringand
evaluationtomeetcurrentandemergingneedsof
agriculturaldevelopment.

42. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
(JGSY) (1999)
Objectives :
 Creationofdemanddrivencommunityvillage
infrastructure.(WageMaterialratioof60:40)
 Generation of supplementary employment for rural areas.
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yozana
(SGSY) 1990
Objectives:
 Establishmentofmicro-enterprises.

43. Salient Features of Scheme
Itaimsatestablishingalargenumberofmicroenterprisesin
theruralareas,buildinguponthepotentialofruralpoor.
Theassistedfamiliesmaybeindividuals(Swarozgaris)or
groups(SelfHelpGroups).Emphasisisongroupapproach.
Itisproposedtocover30%oftheruralpoorineachblockin
thenextfiveyears.
Itwilltargetatleast50%SCs/STs,40%womenand3%
disabled.
Itwillcoverallaspectsofselfemployment(SHGs)andtheir
capacitybuilding,planningofactivityclusters,infrastructure
buildup,technology,creditandmarketing.

44.  Itlaysemphasisonactivityclustersbasedonthe
resources,occupationalskillsofthepeopleand
availabilityofmarkets.
 Selectionofkeyactivitieswillbewiththeapprovalof
PanchayatSamitisattheblocklevelandtheDRDAs/ZP
atthedistrictlevel.
 Agroupapproachwillbeadoptedforeachkeyactivity.
 IneachPanchayatSamiti,atleasthalfofthegroupswill
beexclusivelywomengroups.
 TheGramSabhawillauthenticatethelistoffamilies
belowthepovertyline.Identificationofindividual
familiesforeachkeyactivitywillbemadethrougha
participatoryprocess.

45. INDIA
Area Sq.Km. 33 lakh
Population 11.41b
Population growth rate 1.93
Population density 324
Literacy rate 64.84
Sex Ratio F/M 1.07
Life Expectancy 62.5
IMR 60
Birth rate 24.8
Death rate 8.9
Population below poverty 26
Unemployment rate 9.1

46. PUNJAB
Area Sq.Km. 50,360
Population 2.5 crore
Population growth rate
Population density
Literacy rate 69.70
Sex Ratio F/M 1.14
Life Expectancy
IMR
Birth rate 20.6
Death rate 7.0
Population below poverty
Unemployment rate