history of lost civilization of india- Harappan civilization

History, Harrapan civilization, schoo,l indus vally
,great bath .

1. Harappan Civilization 2600BCE - 1900 BCE

2. Extent of this great civilization !

3. The Sources ! Harappan sites, seals, artifacts, The Priest King,The dancing Girl, seals, script, Great Bath, The Granaries.

4. Discovery And Extent At first the ruins were seen by Charles Manson in 1829. Yet, in 1922 Mohenjo-daro was discovered by R.D. Banerjee. And in 1924 Harrapa was discovered by Sir John Marshall. It extends over parts of modern India,Pakistan and Afghanistan.

5. The Great Bath The Great Bath was found in Mohenjo-Daro and is thought to be constructed around 2500 BCE. It is sizeable public swimming pool about 8 feet deep , 23 feet wide and 39 feet long. They made it water resistant by using water resistant bricks and covered with a layer of natural tar. They used it for ritualistic baths and it showed a modern engineering structure.

6. The Granaries ! This civilization was able to store a large quantity of food grains. To protect from flood they were constructed on raised platform. The granaries had a sophisticated storage system with air ducts to control humidity and temperature. The granaries had capacity of about 30 ton . The largest granary was 45 meters long and 15 meters wide , and was found in Mohenjo-Daro.

7. Urban Planning ! The harappans had a grid-like layout of streets and homes were well-planned and organised, and made with baked brick with straight and wide streets. The drainage system of Harappans was a great achievement in engineering. A system of brick-lined , lime-coated underground drainage which was inter-connected. A tar like substance as Bitumen made drains waterproof and prevented seepage, additionally the drains had manholes for cleaning purposes

8. Sculptures ! Bearded Man(Priest King) :- It is a small male sculpture thought to be made of steatite found in Mohenjo-Daro.It has a headband with small clay ornament on his forehead.And additionally there is a well woven shawl which shows there skills in the field of embroidery. It is called priest king because of its half closed eyes and wearing of a headband. The Dancing girl :- The dancing girl is small statue of a young girl dancing and it is just about 10.5 cm but full of details. It was found in ruins of Mohenjo-Daro and is made of bronze. It’s right arm is covered with bangles and she is wearing a lose bun till its shoulder and a necklace and other ornaments all over.

9. Seals ! Seals played a very important role during this civilization, representing a huge trade network . These seals were small, carved over stone or clay objects, one of its main purpose was identification marks, bearing unique symbols and scripts. These were also utilised for economic transitions or either ownership of goods. These seals also showed the well organised administrative system. The standard seal was square in shape and in 2X2 cm dimension . These seals were found in Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf showing their trade networks till there.

10. Script !! The Indus Valley civilization used an ancient way of writing system known as Harappan script.It is known for one of the ancient and puzzling script. Its linguistic content is still up for debate among academics despite of extensive research. And till now over 450 distinct symbols have been identified. It is a logo-syllabic script , which is combination of script and symbols and written from right to left. We can see the script over pottery , seals, and other carvings.

11. Decline ? Archeologists have different opinions on the decline of this civilization yet, there is no clear-cut reason for decline. Change in course of river Indus. Instability of trade networks i.e. poor economy. Internal conflicts within the society i.e. instability in social order. Invasion by Aryans over these sites. Environmental Modifications. Floods which sinked the whole civilization.