HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS dr. neha sarode.ppt

History of orthodontics

1. Presented by -
Dr. Neha
Sarode
Guided by,
Dr. Baswaraj
Dr. Sagar Mapare
Dr. Arjun Karra
Dr. Ram mundada
Dr. Vijay Yannawar
Dr. Kanchan Wadekar
Dr. Aniruddha
Mundhe

2. •Introduction
•History of Dentistry
•Evolution of Orthodontics
•Historical perspective of biophysical aspects.
•American Orthodontics – Pre-Angle Era.
Angle Era
•Parallel developments in Europe.
•Back in U.S. (1940-1950).
•The Merger.

3. Evolution of Biomaterials in Orthodontics.
Summary of Appliances.
History of BOS.
History of EOS.
Indian History.
Emerging trends in Orthodontics.

4. •Orthodontics (Greek word) –
Orthos – To correct
Odontos – Teeth
•The term orthodontics – coined by- Jacques
Le foulon
•The term orthopedics was first used by
Bunon in the year 1743
•A. F. Talma used the terms Orthodontics and
Orthopedics together.

5. From the earliest times, humans have been
plagued by dental problems & have sought
a variety of means to alleviate them.
First dental healers were physicians.
Middle ages – Barber-surgeons of Europe.
Learned by trial & error & observation.

6. Founder of Modern Dentistry
Publicated two- volume book - The surgeon
Dentist, A Treatise on the Teeth
Developed 1
st
orthodontic appliance –
Bandelette - designed to expand the arch.
Other treatment procedures – The filing of
teeth, especially for crowded anterior teeth.
The use of special forceps called the Pelican.
Pierre Fauchard

7. Baltimore College of
Dental Surgery – first
dental college in the
world – opened its
doors to a class of 5
students on Nov 3
rd
,
1840.

8. Orthodontics is that branch of dentistry
concerned with the study of growth of the
craniofacial complex, the development of
occlusion & the treatment of dentofacial
anomalies.
Weinberger points out that there had been an
awareness of unsightly appearance of
‘crooked teeth’

9. Hippocrates (460-377)B.C. –
The greek physician
Considered as a pioneer in medical science.
CORPUS HIPPOCRATIUM-
“The shedding of tooth generally takes place
about 7 yr of age. Children who cut their teeth
in winter time get over the teeth period best.
Among those individuals with long-shaped
heads, some have thick necks, strong parts &
bones. Others have strongly arched palates,
their teeth are irregularly arrayed, crowding
one another & they are bothered by
headaches & otorrhea.

10. Celsus (25B.C.) advocated that persistent
deciduous teeth should be extracted & that
permanent teeth which erupt in the wrong
direction brought to be corrected by finger
pressure.
 Adam A. Brunner –
- Germany
- advised that "milk teeth should never be
extracted unless there be manifest signs of the
presence of the corresponding permanent teeth,
or when it is painful or decayed. ''

11. First mechanical treatment for correcting
irregularities suggested by Gaius Plinus
Secundus (Pliny) (23-79A.D.) – advocated filing
of elongated teeth to produce proper alignment.
Specimens dating back
to VIII century B.C.
indicate Etruscans may
have been the first people
to employ orthodontic
bands to improve tooth
alignment.

12. John Hunter (1728-1793)
Greatest surgeon of 18
th

century.
Detailed study of
mouth & jaws of
cadavers.
1771- ‘The Natural
History of the Human
Teeth: Explaining their
Structure, Use,
Formation, Growth &
Diseases’.

13. Perfect
understanding of
growth &
development of jaws
& their relations to
the muscles of
mastication.
Scientific
nomenclature –
Incisors, Cuspids,
Bicuspids & Molars.

14. 1880 – Norman Kingsley – Father of
Orthodontics – published ‘Treatise on Oral
Deformities as a Branch of Mechanical
Surgery’.
1888 – John N. Farrar – ‘Treatise on the
Irregulations of Teeth & their Correction’.
1889 – Superseded by Simeon Guilford’s
-‘Orthodontia’ or ‘Malposition of the Human
teeth’ – Standard text in dental colleges.

15. The Father of Modern Orthodontics.
Emergence of orthodontics as a true specialty
was the result of dominant, dynamic &
influential leadership of Edward H. Angle.
His classification of malocclusion was
published in the Dental Cosmos, in 1899
1901 – American Society of Orthodontics was
established.
Edward H. Angle (1855-1930)

16. Angle urged one of his young disciples Dr.
Charles Tweed to –
1.Dedicate his life to the development of
edgewise appliance.
2.To make every effort to establish orthodontics
as a specialty within the dental profession.

17. Dr. Tweed launched a one-man blitz by
canvassing & arousing patients, persuading
dentists, influencing politicians, speaking at
meetings, having petitions signed & taking
patients before the legislature.
1929 – Arizona legislature passed the first law
limiting the practice of orthodontics to
specialists.
Dr. Tweed received Arizona’s Certificate No. 1
& became the first certified specialist in
orthodontics in United States.

18. 1863 – Harris – Orthodontic
tooth movement is a result of
bone resorption on one side &
bone deposition on the other
side of the root.

19. Most important in development of orthodontic
thinking- Albin Oppenheim (1911) – disciple of
E.H. Angle.
Oppenheim’s investigations with Angle’s
appliances won recognition throughout the
world.
He also contributed to understanding of
biology of tooth movement.

20. Orthodontic treatment regarded as tantamount
to an artificially effected resorption & deposition
of bone.
Schwarz recognized the intimate relationship of
force magnitude & tissue response.
He classified orthodontic forces in 4 degrees of
biological efficiency.

21. Pathologic effects of orthodontic therapy
recognized.
Heavy rigid appliances abandoned for resilient &
efficient devices.
E.H. Angle dominated the orthodontic scene in
U.S. more than any one person in Europe.

22. In Europe
Early leaders studied more the role of
craniofacial skeleton in dentofacial anomalies
and malocclusion.
 So orthodontics referred in Europe as
- Orthopedics
- Orthopedie dentofaciale

23. First scientific attempt
at tooth movement - by
Pierre Fauchard using
the ‘Bandlette’
 Flat strip of metal
formed into an arch.
Pierced with holes for
tying teeth with threads.

24. Simple anchorage.
Tipping movement.
Lacked stability.
No effective way to firmly fix it in position on the
teeth.

25. Etienne Bourdet (1722-
1789)
Fauchard’s follower.
Advocated extraction
of first bicuspids to
alleviate
overcrowding.
Described shifting of
misaligned teeth into
place by attaching
them with threads to a
splint of ivory.

26. 1841- Schange a Frenchman invented the
adjustable clamp band with introduction
of a lingual screw.

27. 1846 – Tucker described the use of rubber
elastics though no importance given until
Case & Baker used it to provide
intermaxillary force & intermaxillary
anchorage in 1893.

28. 1861 – Coffin introduced flexible piano wire.
1861 – Kingsley introduced the headgear to
apply extraoral force & provide occipital
anchorage.

29. Norman Williams Kingsley
(1829-1913)
1852 – first office in
Oswego, New York.
1859 – made his first
obturator.
Prosthetic restorations for
cleft patients - restored
normal speech, improved
facial appearance.

30. 1865 – founder & first dean of New York
University College of Dentistry.
1871 – Honorary degree from Baltimore
College of Dental Surgery.
1880 – ‘A Treatise on Oral Deformities’
Cleft palate prostheses.
Artificial replacement of missing parts.
External immobilization.

31. Over 100 articles on
Cleft palate rehabilitation.
Inadequacies of cleft palate surgery.
Obturators.
Orthodontic diagnosis.
Orthodontic appliances.
1880 – described his plate for ‘jumping the
bite’ – forerunner of modern functional
appliances.
Early awareness of orthodontic potential for
adults patients.

32. In this period –
Treatment modalities formulated without
benefit of scientific methodology.
Goal of treatment – improved cosmetics.
No consideration to occlusal function or
biological concepts.
Injudicious extractions.
Controlling factors in appliance design
- Ease of appliance manipulation.
- Patient management.

33. Most dominant,
dynamic & influential
figure in orthodontics –
Edward Hartley Angle
(1855-1930).
Father of Modern
Orthodontics.
Developed a passion
for simplicity in design.
1878- Graduated from
Pennsylvania College of
Dentistry.

34. Experienced many technical problems &
frustrations in treatment which irritated,
motivated & inspired him to develop a
standard appliance.

5 properties of an ideal orthodontic
appliance-
1.SIMPLE – Push, Pull & Rotate
2.STABLE – Fixed to teeth.
3.EFFICIENT – Based on Newton’s 3
rd
law of
anchorage.
4.DELICATE – Accepted by tissues.
5.INCONSPICUOUS – Esthetically acceptable.

35. 1887 – Appointed to chair of orthodontia in
dental department of University of Minnesota.
Read his paper, ‘Notes on Orthodontia with a
New System of Regulation & Retention’ at 9
th

International Medical Congress.
 Concepts of Prosthetic occlusion developed
in the late 1800s.

36. 1888 – Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society –
demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries.
1894 – Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims
College, receiving MD degree the following year.
“The best balance, the best harmony, the best
proportions of the mouth in its relation to the
other features require that there shall be a full
complement of teeth & that each tooth shall be
made to occupy its normal position - i.e. normal
occlusion.

37. Angle developed classification of
malocclusion based on this principle –
‘Dental Cosmos’ in 1899.

38. Angle’s postulates
Upper first molars are the key to occlusion.
Most remarkably stable landmark in craniofacial
anatomy – upper first molars.
Upper & lower molars should be related so that the
mesiobuccal cusp of the upper molar occludes in
the buccal groove of the lower molar.
Line of occlusion – The line with which, in form &
position according to type, the teeth must be in
harmony if in normal occlusion.

39. Angle’s classification has 4 classes:

40. Angle concluded that the ideal facial esthetics
for a person would result when the teeth
were placed in ideal occlusion for that
person.
He placed the following advertisements for
the Angle School of Orthodontia –
“For the fitting of teachers & specialists in
orthodontia. Two short sessions are held each
year, beginning Nov 1
st
& May 1
st
.
Postgraduates in dentistry & only those
thoroughly ethical, received. Class limited to
15 members.

41. Course of instruction included art, rhinology,
embryology, histology, comparative anatomy &
dental anatomy in addition to Angle’s appliances.
Among his early students were Dewey, Pullen,
Mershon, McCoy, Oppenheim, Weinberger &
Fred Noyes.

42. In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angle’s office,
the students & teachers decided that “the time
was ripe” for an Orthodontic Society.
Thus was born ‘The American Society of
Orthodontists’.
On June 11, 1901, 10 charter members elected
Angle as president.

43. The constitution of the society had these 3
articles –
1
st
– confirmed the name
2
nd
– to establish ‘science of orthodontia’ as a
distinct dental specialty.
3
rd
– invited ethical dentists with a special
interest in orthodontia to become active
members.

44. Simplicity.
Heavy interrupted forces.
Tipping of teeth to new
position.
Not possible to precisely
position any individual
teeth.

45. Move the teeth bodily.
‘Bone growing appliance’.
Capable of great precision
in tooth movement.
Incredible degree of
craftsmanship.
Impractical in clinical use.
Poor spring qualities.

46. First bracket.
Vertically positioned
rectangular slot with ribbon
arch of 10 x 20 gold wire.
Good spring qualities.
Allowed versatile movements.
Unable to achieve mesiodistal
tipping movements.
Not possible to provide
stabilization or anchorage of
posterior teeth.
Did not allow to torque roots
to a new position.

47. ‘Latest and the best’.
Rectangular wire of
0.022 x 0.028 inch
inserted in a
horizontal slot.
Excellent control of
crown & root
position in all three
planes of space.

48. Standard bracket –
-Soft gold
-0.022 - 0.028 inch slot
-Slot was readily deformed by forces of
occlusion
Evaluation –
1.Single width bracket
2.Twin bracket (Siamese bracket)
3.Lewis bracket
4.Steiner bracket

50. Dr. Calvin Case-(1847-1923).
Born on April 24 ,1847 in Michigan.
Military service in the civil war.
1871-Graduated from Ohio college of
dental surgery.

51. 1890-General Dentistry in Chicago & Professor
of Prosthodontic Dentistry & Orthodontics at
the Chicago College of Dental Surgery.
1892-First to stress on the importance of root
movement & used rubber elastics in
treatment.
Rehabilitation of cleft palate deformities-Case
type of obturator still in use.

52. Martin Dewey (1881-1933).
Born in 1881, Kansas.
1902-attended one of the
first classes of Angle
school of orthodontics.
1914- ‘Practical
orthodontics’ -
orthodontic philosophy
and mechanical
procedures.
1911- 1
st
session of the
Dewey school of
orthodontia. (post-
graduate school in
kansas city)

53. 1915-with the help of Dr.C.V. Mosby, Dewey
founded and became editor of the
International Journal of Orthodontia (now
AJO).
Editor for 17 years.
1931 - President of ADA.

54. Era of manufacture of standardized appliances.
Dental supply companies sold appliances made
as sets, dentists could make required fitting by
soldering.
Victor Hugo Jackson (1850-1929)
Pioneer of removable appliances in US.
Jackson's crib- which incorporated the use of an
Auxiliary spring (finger) as an aid in tooth
movement.
1904 - ‘Orthodontia and Orthopedia of the face’.

55. Benno Lischer (1876-1959)
1912 - ‘Principles & methods of
Orthodontia’.
Translated Paul Simons German book
‘Diagnosis of Dental Anomalies’.
Stressed relationship between muscles,
malformation & malocclusion.
Coined the terms - mesiocclusion
-distocclusion
-neutrocclusion

56. 1911 - Albin Oppenheim - Serious study of
tissue changes during orthodontic tooth
movement.
John. V. Mershon (1867-1953) introduced
removable lingual arch based on the
principle that teeth must be free &
unrestricted for adaptation to normal
growth.

57. Albert. H. Ketcham - (1870-1935)
Devoted researcher & great pioneer.
1902 - Graduate from Angle
School of Orthodontics.
First to introduce
Roentgenogram &
Photography
A great teacher & guided to many people
from this grew the ‘Ketcham Seminar’.
( now the Denver Seminar)

58. Milo Hellman (1872-1947)
Angle’s student.
1912-Research in Anthropology & its relation
to the growth & development of human
dentofacial complex.

59. Linked development of human dental
occlusion to evolution of dentition as whole.
1935 –pioneered in the use of wrist and hand
x-ray to determine the growth age.

60. 1922 - James. D. Mc Coy introduced
open tube appliance.
1928- George Crozat -
developed Crozat
appliance – precious
metal, elastics employed
with Crozat appliance to
treat Class II
malocclusions.

61. 1931 – Holly Broadbent & Hofrath published
in the first issue of Angle Orthodontist – ‘A
New X-ray Technique & Its Application to
Orthodontia’
Introduced cephalometric roentgenography,
cephalometric tracing & evaluation.
‘Bolton point’ – a new point of reference on
skull in honour of his sponsor.

62. American Orthodontics – Fixed appliances
European Orthodontics – Removable appliances
3 reasons –
1. Angles dogmatic approach to occlusion – less
impact in Europe.
2. Social welfare systems developed rapidly.
3. Precious metal for fixed appliances less
available.

63. 1839 – Charles Goodyear invented vulcanite.
1881 – Coffin plate by Coffin.
1902 – ‘Monobloc’ by Pierre Robin.
– Single block of vulcanite.
– To prevent glossoptosis in micromandible
& Cleft lip & palate patients.

64. 1908 – Hawley’s retainer appliance.

65. 1911 – J.H. Badcock - expansion plate with
screw.
Next 3 decades eclipsed by Angle’s fixed
appliances.
Only Hawley retainer stayed.

66. A.M. Schwarz -
Biologist, scientist, cephalometrician,
clinician & teacher.
1938 – ‘Lehrgang der Gebissregulung’ -
Orthodontic bible in Europe.

67. ‘Schwarz double plate’ - combination of
activator & active plate for treatment of class
II div 1.

68. Philip Adams -
Adams crib
Basis for English removable appliances

69. Simple appliances using muscle forces -
Group I – forces transmitted directly to teeth.
– Ex: Inclined planes
Oral screens
Lip bumpers
Group II – Activate muscles attached to the
mandible.
Ex: – Andersen – activator.
– Herbst appliance.
– Bionator.

70. INCLINED PLANE
Catalan, more than 200 yrs ago.
Developed into – Oppenheim splint.
- Hawley type retainer with splint.

71. VESTIBULAR SCREEN
Newell in 1912
Advocated by Nord, Hotz, Kraus &
Fingeroth.

72. Norman Kingsley in 1879 – bite plate to ‘jump the
bite
Combined with fixed appliances – Herbert A.
Pullen, J.Lowe Young & Oren A. Oliver.
 ‘Plane & Spur’ retention – Angle’s sliding device
fitted to upper & lower first molars.
‘Vorbisskronen’ – crowns on upper & lower second
deciduous molars by A.M. Schwarz.
Pin & tube sliding device
of Herbst.

73. 1918 – Alfred P. Rogers - exercises for
development of muscles of face to
increase functional activity.
First to recognize importance of
muscles for growth & development.
Importance of lip exercises – Hotz,
Duyzings & Frankel.

74. Unaware of Pierre Robin’s Monobloc.
Correcting sagittal malrelationships in the
growing child by changing the functional
pattern of stomatognathic system.
Modified retainer after correction of
distocclusion for his daughter.

75. 1908 - Introduced Activator.

76. 1925 – director of orthodontic department of
Dental School in Oslo.
Andresen & Haupl – wrote about their
appliance & interpretations of its actions.
‘Functional Jaw Orthopedics’.
‘Activator’ – ability to activate muscle forces.

77.  Uses –
1.For treating Class II malocclusions.
2.Facilitate healing after mandibular ramus
fractures.
3.T.M.D. – clicking & bruxism.
After 1934 - appliance forgotten.

78. Most frequently used activator modification
– Bionator by Balters.
Tongue as the essential factor for
development of dentition.

79. Charles Tweed (1895-1970)
1941 – introduced edgewise appliance based
on basal bone concept.

80. Graduated from improvised Angle course by
George Hahn in 1928.
Worked with Angle for 7 weeks to write an
article in Dental Cosmos.
Returned to Arizona – First pure edgewise
specialty practice in U.S. + Non-extraction.
 Discouraging results in patients during
retention.

81. Tweed’s contributions –
1.4 objectives of orthodontic treatment with
emphasis for facial esthetics.
2.Upright mandibular incisors over basal
bone.
3.Acceptance of judicious extraction of teeth.
4.Clinical application of cephalometrics.

82. 5.Tweed’s diagnostic facial triangle.
6.Introduced anchorage preparation.
7.Serial extraction of primary & permanent
teeth.

83. 1945 – H.D. Kesling, used a rubber tooth –
positioning device.
1947 – Danish orthodontist, Arne Bjork
published ‘The Face in Profile’ –
anthropologic & radiographic study of effects
of variations in jaw growth using facial
diagnosis.
J.A. Salzmann – classification of malocclusion
for handicapping problems.

84. 1948 – Cephalometric Analysis by William
Downs.
Significance –
1.Objective method of portraying underlying
factors.
2.Causes of malocclusion exclusive of teeth.

85. ‘50s & ‘60s – dissolution of cross-continental
barriers.
Egil Harvold – faculty at University of Toronto,
introduced ‘Norwegian system’ in U.S.
Frantisek Kraus of Prague – introduced
‘Double oral screen’.
Combination of oral & vestibular screen.

86. Vestibular screen not allowed to touch teeth,
extended to the mucosal transitional folds.
 Precursor of Frankel Philosophy.

87. Rolf Frankel – Frankel Function Regulator in 1950s.
Appliance confined to oral vestibule – shields buccal
and labial musculature away from teeth & investing
tissues.
Exercise device – eliminates lip trap, hyperactive
mentalis, aberrant buccinator & orbicularis oris
action.

88. 1977 – Clark’s Twin Block.
Rapid functional correction of malocclusion.

89. In Europe -
 Fixed appliances replaced removable
appliances.
Introduction of bonding.
- Raymond Begg of Australia introduced
multiple-loop, light-force wire
appliance.

90. Born on October 13
th
, 1898 in Coolgardie,
Western Australia.
1923 – B.D.S. from
Melbourne
University,
– L.D.S. from
Victoria.
1924 – Angle School
of Orthodontia,
Pasadena.

91. Begg & Fred Ishii – first to treat patients with
Angle’s ‘new appliance’.
Nov. 1925 - returned to Adelaide.
- Edgewise mechanism + non-
extraction.
Serious relapses & poor post-treatment profiles.
Feb. 1928 – began extraction.
Edgewise – no rapid closure of extraction spaces.

92. Combined edgewise bracket & round archwires
– undesired root movements.
Ribbon arch brackets with slot facing gingivally.

Early 1940s – Arthur J. Wilcock, metallurgist at
University of Melbourne.
Modified ribbon arch brackets, lock pins, special
buccal tubes & Australian stainless steel.

93. Natural wear of teeth in Australian
aborigines.
1939 – Doctoral dissertation – ‘The
Evolutionary Reduction & Degeneration of
Man’s Jaws & Teeth’.
1954 – ‘Stone Age Man’s Dentition’.
- Attritional occlusion.
- New ‘round wire’ technique – 0.018”
round stainless steel archwires
in modified ribbon arch
brackets.

94. 1956 – Differential force concept.
1957 – H.D. Kesling visited Begg.
Return to U.S. – ‘Begg Technique’ practice
with
Dr. Robert A. Rocke.

95. CONVENTIONAL / TRADITIONAL BEGG –
Technique outlined by Begg & Kesling.
MODIFIED BEGG – Begg principle with
brackets other than ribbon arch bracket.
REFINED BEGG – Current Begg practice
using same Begg brackets – Mollenhauer,
Wagers, Sims, Hocevar, Swain, Kameda &
Dr. Jayade.

96. Advantages of Begg technique-
1.Light continuous forces.
2.Rapid alignment, leveling & rotation of
anterior teeth.
3.Rapid overbite correction.
4.Simultaneous crown tipping retraction of
all anterior teeth.
5.No extraoral force necessary.

97. Advantages of Straight Wire Appliance –
1.Precise control of premolar & molar
torque.
2.Bilateral symmetry.
3.Straight wires.
4.Precise control of finishing in both arches
in all 3 planes.
5.Stabilization of teeth during final detailing.

98. Begg principles applied through –

1.Unmodified edgewise brackets.
2.Modified edgewise brackets.
3.Combination of Begg & Edgewise bracket.
4.Alternative use of Begg & Edgwise bracket.

99. Modified edgewise brackets –
1.Perlow 1967.
2.Hocevar ‘Bedditiot’ 1985.
3.Kesling – Tipedge 1988.

100. Combination of Begg & Edgewise bracket –
1.Universal brackets 1928.
2.Begg Chun Hoon 1960.
3.Fogel Magill 1963.
4.Thompson Bracket.
5.Jayade – J Bracket

101. Tweed course in 1953.
1970 – Course director.
Reliable, precise, efficient & practical
protocol of diagnosis & treatment.
Sequential Directional Force Technology.
7
th
objective of Tweed-Merrifield philosophy
– clinical objectives pursued in ethical, moral
& compassionate manner with concern for
public’s welfare.

102. Born in St.Louis on May 17
th
1917.
Graduation – Washington University,
St.Louis.
Army Medical Regiment in II World War.
Orthodontics – Northwestern University.
1950 – First PhD to Dentist by Northwestern
University Medical School.

103. 20 textbooks, 22 chapters in other textbooks,
180 publications in journals & 930 book &
journal abstract reviews.
1964 – Kenilworth Dental Research
Foundation.
Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15 years.
Changed to AJO-DO.

104. One of the earliest authors to describe the
mechanics of treatment.
Introduced Jarabak cephalometric analysis.

105. Jarabak Ratio
First to introduce combination of tip &
torque in edgewise bracket.
Combination of loops in edgewise treatment
– 0.016 Elgiloy round wire.

106. Jarabak Light-wire Edgewise Technique
‘Light-wire’ –
1.Small cross-section geometrics – Dewey,
Atkinson & Johnson.
2.Light forces.
- Vertical loop appliance by Storey &
Smith in 1952.
- Begg in 1956.
Precursor to pre-adjusted edgewise appliance.

107. Father of pre-adjusted bracket system.
Nature’s best-120 non-orthodontic normal
cases.
6 keys of occlusion – 1972.
Orthodontia’s best – 1150 treated cases.

108. Mismatch due to –
1.Bracket siting variable.
2.Wire bending inconsistencies.
3.Wire bending side effects.
Answer not in wire but in bracket.
Straight Wire Appliance.

109. Developed the bioprogressive therapy
from a background of edgewise and
Begg technique.
Introduced utility arch.
Use of preformed bands.
Ricketts’ Quad Helix – 0.40 blue elgiloy wire.

110. Cephalometric analysis & cephalometric
growth prediction technique.
Computerized cephalometrics for VTOs
E-line.
1982 – American Institute of Bioprogressive
Education.

111. Notable authority on Biomechanics.
 Introduced TMA, Chinese NiTi, Fibre
reinforced composite.
Holography & Occlusograms.
Surgical planning analysis – COGS.
Segmented arch technique.

112. Roth’s interests –
1.Functional dynamics.
2.To prove treatment not harmful for
patients
4. To disprove premolar extractions not good for
TMJ health.
Roth prescription – 2
nd
generation preadjusted
brackets.

113. Earliest material documented – Gold ligature
wire, Roman tomb in Egypt.
Fauchard – Silk thread.
Delabarre (1819) – Wire crib.
Schange – Gold wire crib.
Kingsley – Elastic straps, forged Stubb’s steel,
swaged silver.

114. Angle era – Gold, platinum, silver, steel, gum
rubber; wood, ivory, zinc, copper, brass.
Wrought alloys – Springiness, fewer cracks at
tension points.
‘Stainless’ quality first reported by Monnartz
in Germany, 1900-1910.
Dumas, Guillet & Portevin developed
stainless steel in France.

115. I World War Germans - Austenitic
British - Martensitic
Americans - Ferritic
1930s – Gold & Stainless steel conflicts.
‘Edgewater’ tradition – Edgewater Beach
Hotel, Chicago.
1940s – Begg & Wilcox – Australian Stainless
Steel.
1960s – Gold abandoned, steel adopted.
1960s – Cobalt-chromium.

116. 1962 – Buelher – NITINOL.
Nickel-Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory.
1977 – Titanium-Molybdnum Alloy (β-III).
1986 – Japanese NiTi-Fujio Miura.
Copper NiTi- Rohit Sachdeva.
Ni-free, Titanium-Niobium wires for finishing.

117. Acrylic-1937.
Vulcanite, Cellulose, Phenolformaldehyde,
Vinyl polymers, Styrene, Alkyl resins.
Plastic brackets – Aromatic polymer /
polycarbonate, single-crystal sapphire,
polycrystalline alumina / zirconia.

118. Recent advances in materials -
1.Self – ligating brackets.
2.Composite – ceramic+polymer advantages.
3.Bonding – adhesive pre-coated brackets.
4.Curing – Light emitting diodes, Plasma arc
lights (Xenon), Laser lights (Argon laser).

119. Pierre Fauchard 1728 Bandlette
Etienne Bourdet 1722-1789Ivory splint
Catalan -- Inclined plane
Charles Goodyear 1839 Vulcanite
Schange 1841 Adjustable clamp band
Tucker 1846 Rubber elastics
Dwinelle 1849 Jacks screw
Emerson Angell 1860 Expansion of palate
Coffin 1860 Flexible piano wire
Kingsley 1861 Headgear
Magill 1870 Dental cement
E.H. Angle 1880 Jack & traction screw
E.H. Angle 1887 Angle system

120. E.H. Angle 1889 Classification of malocclusion
Pierre Robin 1902 Monobloc
E.H. Angle 1907 E-Arch
Charles Hawley 1908 Retainer
Andresen 1908 Activator
Balter -- Bionator
H.P. Bimler -- Myodynamic appliance
John Mershon -- Removable lingual arch
E.H. Angle 1912 Pin & tube appliance
Newell 1912 Vestibular screen
E.H. Angle 1915 Ribbon arch appliance

121. James McCoy 1922 Open tube appliance
Paul Simon 1924 Gnathostatics
E.H. Angle 1928 Edgewise appliance
Spencer Atkinson -- Universal appliance
George Crozat 1928 Crozat appliance
Broadbent 1930 Cephalometrics
Herbst 1934 Herbst appliance
Joseph Johnson 1938 Twin-arch appliance
Oren A. Oliver 1940 Labio-lingual appliance
Tweed 1941 Edgewise-Tweed philosophy
H.D.Kesling 1945 Positioner
C.P. Adams 1948 Adam’s crib

122. Martin Schwarz -- Schwarz double plate
Hotz -- Guide plane plate
William Downs 1948 Down’s analysis
Kraus -- Double oral screen
Hotz -- Propulsor
P.R. Begg 1956 Begg technique
Jarabak -- Light-wire technique
Rolf Frankel 1967 Frankel appliance
Andrews 1972 Straight wire appliance
Ricketts -- Bioprogressive therapy
T.L. Root -- Level anchorage system
Pancherz 1977 Herbst appliance
Clark 1977 Twin block
Alexander 1978 Vari-Simplex Discipline

123. Disunity among British organizations –
1.British Society for Study of Orthodontics
(1907).
2.Consultant Orthodontists Group (1964).
3.British Association of Orthodontists (1965).
4.Community Orthodontists Section (1978)
July 1
st
1994 – British Orthodontic Society.

124. Founded on 16
th
May 1907 by 10 charter
members.
First meeting – 27
th
Sept. 1907.
President – Dr. W.G. Laws.
Dr. E.H. Angle elected honorary member.
Meetings discontinued between 1914-1919 &
1939-1946.

125. Oldest orthodontic department – Nair Dental
College, Bombay.
M.D.S. – 1959 Nair Dental College & Govt. Dental
College, Bombay.
Study group in Bombay in 1963.

126. Indian Orthodontic Society – Oct. 5
th
1965.

127. Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society, 1965.
First annual conference – 1967 in New
Delhi.
P.G. convention every year since 1996.
7 visionaries –
Dr. Prem Prakash,
Dr. H.D. Merchant,
Dr. H.S. Sheikh,
Dr. A.B. Modi,
Dr. K.N. Mistri,
Dr. Naishadh Parikh,
Dr. Mohandas
Bhat.

128. Library & first Dental Museum in India, 1998.
Free Dental Specialty Centre, Vellore – Aug.
1999.
Indian Board of Orthodontists – 1998.
Member of World Federation of Orthodontics
(San Francisco, U.S.A. 1995).

129. 1.Shift in paradigms.
2.Technology driven practice.
3.Evolution of newer materials.
4.Changes in research.

130. 1.One phase treatment.
2.Fullness of face.
3.Smile analysis & function.
4.Non-extraction.

131. 1.Computerization.
2.3D reconstruction
3.Simulation of treatment
results.
4.Computerized bracket
position.
5.Robots to bend wires.
6.Custom made trays for
tooth movement
(INVISALIGN).

132. 1.Inter-disciplinary approach.
2.Implants reinforcing anchorage.
3.Distraction osteogenesis.

133. 1.Proffit – Contemporary Orthodontics,
2.History of orthodontics, Basavaraj Phulari
3.Graber, Vanersdal – Orthodontics: Current
Principles & Techniques, II Ed.
4.T.M. Graber – Orthodontics: Principles &
Practice, III Ed.
5.Graber, Rakosi, Petrovic – Dentofacial
Orthopedics & Functional Appliances, I Ed.
6.Graber, Neumann – Removable
Orthodontic Appliances, I Ed.