HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

A BRIEF SEMINAR ON HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY

1. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY 1

2. ANCIENT AGES : EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME MIDDLE AGES : ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT SEVENTEENTH CENTURY : INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NINETEENTH CENTURY AND EARLY 20 TH CENTURY MIDDLE 20 TH CENTURY AND LATE 20 TH CENTURY INDIAN PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES THEORY OF DEGENERATION FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF PSYCHOSES MEDICAL TREATMENT OF DISORDERS CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSIS FREUD AND THE BIRTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES PLAN OF PRESENTATION PSYCHOSURGERY ADVENT OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY ANTIPSYCHIATRY NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY 2

3. ANCIENT AGES MENTAL ILLNESSES THOUGHT TO BE DUE TO MAGICAL FORCES OF THE DEITIES. THE THERAPISTS WERE PRIESTS WHO USED MAGICO-RELIGIOUS TREATMENT EGYPT 3

4. GREEK AND ROMAN PSYCHIATRY MENTAL ILLNESSES WERE VIEWED AS MAINLY PSYCHOLOGICAL, MAINLY SOMATIC OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE INSANE WAS NOT TAKEN. MOST INSANE PATIENTS WERE RESTRAINED AT HOME INSANITY WAS EVALUATED BY JUDGES, NOT PHYSICIANS ROME GREECE 4

5. GREEK PHILOSOPHER DIVIDED THE SOUL INTO 3 PARTS APPETITE ,IMPULSE , REASON IN HIS BOOK “ THE REPUBLIC”. DESCRIBED 4 KINDS OF MADNESS PROPHETIC, TELESTIC, POETIC & EROTIC MADNESS IN HIS BOOK “PHAEDRUS”. GREEK PHILOSOPHER & INFLUENTIAL STUDENT OF PLATO. DESCRIBED THE VARIOUS EMOTION OR AFFECTION E.G. DESIRE, JOY, COURAGE, ANGER, FEAR, HATRED AND PITY IN HIS BOOK “ DE ANIMA”. 5 ARISTOTLE PLATO

6. BODY HAD FOUR HUMOURS- PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE, BLACK BILE AND BLOOD; BRAIN FUNCTIONING DEPENDED UPON EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THESE . EXCESS BLACK BILE-------MELANCHOLIA EXCESS YELLOW BILE-----MANIC RAGE EXCESS PHLEGM----------DEMENTIA MADE THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY PERSONALITY INTO : PHLEGMATIC CHOLERIC SANGUINE HIPPOCRATES 6

7. THE TERM PHRENITIS WAS USED IN ANCIENT GREECE TO REFER TO AN INFLAMMATION THAT PRODUCED DISTURBANCES IN BOTH THE MIND AND BODY, AND WHOSE LOCATION WAS NEVER ANATOMICALLY OR CONCEPTUALLY WELL DEFINED. IN THE 19TH CENTURY, IT WAS REPLACED BY DELIRIUM, CONFUSION, AND CLOUDING. GREEKS DEVELOPED THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS: METHODS OF INDUCING SLEEP, INTERPRETING DREAMS (OFTEN PERFORMED BY PRIESTS IN TEMPLES MOST NOTABLY THOSE OF AESCULAPIUS, THE GOD OF HEALING), AND USING WORDS TO PERSUADE, CONSOLE, AND GAIN KNOWLEDGE OF AN ILLNESS. BEYOND HIPPOCRATES 7

8. ROMAN PSYCHIATRY MENTAL ILLNESSES RESULTED FROM PASSIONS AND UNSATISFIED DESIRES WHICH ACTED UPON THE SOUL HUMORS EXIST IN HOT, COLD, DRY AND MOIST FORMS, THEY ARE NEEDED TO FORM TEMPERAMENTS. DISEASE IS DUE TO BAD AIR/BAD DIET ACTING ON A BAD HUMOR (EXISTING PREDISPOSITION) GALEN AURELIUS C CELSUS HE DESCRIBED 6 TYPES OF INSANITY I.E. PHRENITIS, MELANCHOLIA, DELIRIUM, LATHARGUS, EPILEPSY AND OTHER ILLNESS SIMILAR TO SCHIZOPHRENIA IN HIS BOOK “ DE RE MEDICA”. HE ADVOCATED ‘ SHOCKING HARSHLY’ AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT FOR MENTALLY ILL. 8

9. MIDDLE AGES ARAB ISLAMIC INFLUENCE DEVIL POSSESION DANCE MANIA ACEDIA (A TYPE OF DEPRESSION) ARABS BUILT ASYLUMS IN BAGHDAD,CAIRO, DAMASCUS AND OTHER CITIES FIRST ASYLUM IN EUROPE - HAMBURG (1375 ) 9

10. MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS FROM PERSIA TO PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY PERSIAN PHYSICIAN IN THE CITY OF BAGHDAD . KNOWN AS THE PERSIAN GALEN . BELIEVED MENTAL DISORDER TO HAVE ORGANIC CAUSE . PROPONENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MODES OF TREATMENT. 10

11. AVICENNA OF PERSIA FOUND TEMPERAMENTS IN HUMAN. COINED THE TERM “VERMIS”. CONSIDERED DEPRESSION A MIX OF HUMOURS. RECOGNIZED THAT EMOTIONAL UPSETS CAN CAUSE CERTAIN PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DISORDERS. MUSIC THERAPY FOR EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. 11

12. MOSES MAIMONIDES ARAB SCHOLAR PROVIDED DETAILED CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF DEPRESSION. BELIEVED IN AND ADVOCATED A MENTAL HYGIENE PROGRAMME FOR A GOOD MENTAL HEALTH. 12

13. INSTITUTES PAR EXCELLENCE AROUND 1400 AD, THE BETHLEM HOSPITAL IN LONDON BEGAN AND BECAME A PIONEER INSTITUTE FOR CARE OF THE MENTALLY ILL. NAME WAS LATER CORRUPTED TO BEDLAM DUE TO THE DISORDERLY CONDITION OF THE HOSPITAL. BETHLEM THE YORK RETREAT ESTABLISHED IN1792 IN LONDON, A LANDMARK INSTITUTION FOR PIONEERING HUMANE AND MORAL TREATMENT OF THE INSANE. 13

14. RENAISSANCE AND WITCHCRAFT IN MALLEUS MALEFICARUM (WITCHES’ HAMMER),1487 BY H. KRAMER & J. SPRENGER WITCHES ARE MAINLY DESCRIBED AS WOMEN WHO SHOWED PSYCHOTIC OR HYSTERICAL SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL DELUSIONS. MALLEUS PRESCRIBED DEATH BY TORTURE FOR THE WITCHES WITH SANCTION FROM THE CHURCH WHERE THOUSANDS OF SUSPECTED WITCHES WERE KILLED. IT WAS CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER 150 YEARS. 14

15. RENAISSANCE continued……. PHILIPPUS A. PARACELSUS : PROVIDED A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES IN HIS BOOK “ ON DISEASES WHICH DEPRIVE MAN OF REASON” I.E. VESANIA, LUNACY, INSANITY. BELIEVED THAT MENTAL DISORDERS TO BE NATURAL DISEASE AND NOT CAUSED BY DEMONS . JUAN L. VIVES : WAS A FORERUNNER OF FREUD IN EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FORMING EMOTIONS. BELIEVED THAT PAINFUL, LONG FORGOTTEN MEMORIES CAN BE RECALLED THROUGH REFLECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS. JOHANN WEYER : REGARDED BY SOME AS THE FATHER OF MODERN PSYCHIATRY. IN HIS BOOK DE PRAESTIGIIS DAEMONUM , 1563 ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MENTALLY ILL. PRACTICED PSYCHOTHERAPY. 15

16. INCARCERATION OF THE INSANE IN THE 17 TH C RENE DESCARTES BELIEVED THAT MAN HAD A THINKING SUBSTANCE, THE SOUL WHICH DID NOT INTERACT WITH BODY, THUS CREATING A MIND-BODY DICHOTOMY IN FRANCE AND GERMANY, MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE INCARCERATED IN ASYLUMS REMAINING LOCKED UP FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS OF TIME 16

17. THOMAS WILLIS CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO TWO TYPES: CAUSED BY GROSS BRAIN DISEASE AND BY DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS. 1 ST TO DESCRIBE THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS IN BRAIN AND ALSO PROBABLY THE 1 ST TO USE THE TERM REFLEX ACTION. THOMAS SYDENHAM PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNT OF THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF HYSTERIA, RECOGNIZING (FOR THE 1 ST TIME) THAT IT CAN OCCUR IN MALES TOO IN THE FORM OF ‘ HYPOCHONDRIACAL COMPLAINTS’. BELIEVED HYSTERIA TO BE CAUSED BY DISTURBED ANIMAL SPIRITS. 17

18. PAOLO ZACCHIA SUGGESTED THAT A PHYSICIAN, RATHER THAN A PRIEST OR LAWYER, SHOULD EVALUATE PATIENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR. 18

19. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DEMONIC BELIEFS WERE GRADUALLY BEING REPLACED BY RATIONAL THOUGHTS AND NEW THEORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS DIVIDED DISEASES INTO TEN CLASSES WITH CLASS EIGHT REPRESENTING MENTAL ILLNESSES Ø COINED THE TERM “NEUROSIS” WHICH HE THOUGHT WAS A RESULT OF VARIOUS PARTS OF THE BRAIN BEING IN STAGES OF COLLAPSE AND EXCITEMENT Ø DEVELOPED HIS OWN NOSOLOGY SAUVAGES WILLIAM CULLEN 19

20. FRANZ GALL IN GERMANY INTRODUCED “PHRENOLOGY” AND SAID THAT THE BRAIN HAD SEPARATE ORGANS THAT OCCUPIED SEPARATE AREAS AND SHAPED THE PERSONALITY AND THAT THE ORGANS COULD BE MAPPED ON TO THE SURFACE PHILLIPE PINEL IN FRANCE CLASSIFIED MENTAL ILLNESS INTO 4 TYPES - MANIA , MELANCHOLY, DEMENTIA AND IDIOCY . HE ADVOCATED THE REMOVAL OF CHAINS OF MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS AT BICETRE AND SALPETRIERE ASYLUMS IN 1793 AND 1800 RESPECTIVELY. HE CALLED THIS “MORAL TREATMENT OF THE INSANE” PHILIPPE PINEL FRANZ GALL 20

21. HYPOCHONDRIAISIS DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS AND EXPLANATIONS OF HYPOCHONDRIASISAN OVER-CONCERN ABOUT BODY FUNCTIONS WERE PUBLISHED. TOWARDS THE END OF THE CENTURY THE HARSH TREATMENT WAS CHANGED BY REFORMS THAT ABOLISHED MOST RESTRAINTS AND CREATED AN ASYLUM REGIMEN IN WHICH THE MENTAL PATIENT WAS RESPECTED AS A PERSON. TREATMENT OF THE INSANE 21

22. 19TH AND EARLY 20 TH CENTURY DEVELOPED THE THEORY OF MORAL THERAPY AND SAW ASYLUM AS A WEAPON AGAINST MENTAL ILLNESS. DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN ILLUSIONS AND HALLUCINATION (COINED THE TERMS) CLASSIFIED MENTAL DISORDERS INTO 2 TYPES: MONOMANIA (PARTIAL INSANITY) AND GENERAL DELIRIUM (COMPLETE INSANITY) PROPOSED THAT ‘ CRIMINALLY INSANE’ SHOULD BE TREATED RATHER THAN PUNISHED. AUTHORED A FAMOUS A TREATISE ON MEDICAL DISORDERS ‘ DES MALADIES MENTALIES ’. IN 1853 , THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY WAS FIRST PUBLISHED JEAN ESQUIROL 22

23. Continued…….. 1 ST TO USE THE WORD ‘ Psychiatry ’. BENJAMIN RUSH JOHANN C.REIL THE MOST FAMOUS AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIST OF HIS TIME FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY 23 E.F.VON FEUCHTERSLEBEN COINED THE WORD ‘ Psychosis ’. KARL JASPERS FOUNDER OF ‘ EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY’. AUTHORED A BOOK THE ‘ GENERAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ’

24. Continued…….. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION IN 1844 AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN THE NAME OF “ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTS OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSANE” AND ITS OFFICIAL PERIODICAL IS NOW KNOWN AS “ American Journal of Psychiatry ”. 24

25. THE SOMATISTS WILHELM GRIESINGER MENTAL DISEASES ARE BRAIN DISEASES, EVEN THOUGH IT WAS NOT YET POSSIBLE TO CORRELATE SPECIFIC BRAIN DAMAGE WITH A SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE BELIEVED IN ORGANIC ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL ILLNESS HENRY MAUDSLEY 25

26. PAUL BROCA DISCOVERED A SPEECH AREA IN THE BRAIN CALLED BROCA’S AREA BY EXAMINING THE BRAIN OF A PATIENT OF APHASIA AT POSTMORTEM. BELIEVED THAT DISTURBANCES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT COULD BE A PREDISPOSITION FOR PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND THAT CERTAIN PSYCHOSES ARE REVERSIBLE . SCHOOL OF BRAIN PSYCHIATRY THEODORE MEYNERT VIENNA 26

27. THEORY OF DEGENERATION 27 BENEDICT MOREL VALENTINE MAGNAN “DEMENCE PRECOCE” MENTAL ILLNESSES MAY BE CONGENITALLY TRANSMITTED AND ACTVATED BY THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL,SYPHILIS ETC.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES CLASSIFIED FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES INTO MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS WITH GOOD PROGNOSIS AND DEMENTIA PRAECOX WHICH DETERIORATED INTO DEMENTIA COINED THE TERM “SCHIZOPHRENIA” FOR DEMENTIA PRAECOX AND SAID THAT IT DID NOT ALWAYS DETERIORATE INTRODUCED 4 A’s OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ASSOCIATION, AFFECT, AUTISM, AMBIVALENCE EUGENE BLEULER EMIL KRAEPLIN 28

29. JULES BAILLARGER JEAN PIERRE FALRET INDEPENDENTLY DESCRIBED “FOLIE A DOUBLE FORME” EARLIEST DESCRIPTION OF BIPOLAR DISORDER 29

30. SHOCK TREATMENTS LUCIO BINI, AN ITALIAN PSYCHIATRIST AND UGO CERLETTI, A NEUROPHYCHIATRIST, TOGETHER RESEARCHED AND DISCOVERED THE METHOD OF ELECTRO-SHOCK TREATMENT WHICH LATER CAME TO BE KNOWN AS ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY. LUCIO BINI UGO CERLETTI 30

31. DESCRIPTION OF PSYCHOSES KARL WERNICKE SERGEI KORSAKOFF VIENNESE NEUROLOGIST. PUBLISHED HIS CLASSIC WORK ON ‘ APHASIA ’ IN 1874. FOUND THE OCCURRENCE OF SPECIFIC MEMORY LOSSES WITH BRAIN DAMAGE AS ONE WAY TO DIFFERENTIATE ORGANIC FROM FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES. RUSSIAN NEUROPSYCHIATRIST. 1ST DESCRIBED POLYNEURITIS PSYCHOSIS OR KORSAKOV’S PSYCHOSIS . 31

32. GERMAN NEUROPATHOLOGIST. REPORTED THE 1 ST CASE OF PROGRESSIVE DEMENTIA, LATER TO BE KNOWN AFTER HIM AS ‘ ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’ . FRENCH PHYSICIAN. IN 1826, STATED THAT GENERAL PARESIS, THE MOST COMMON ORGANIC PSYCHOTIC DISEASE, WAS A SEPARATE CLINICAL ENTITY ALOIS ALZHEIMER ANTOINE BAYLE 32

33. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS JULIUS VON WAGNER JAUREGG FEVER CAUSED REMISSIONS IN GPI PATIENTS BY INDUCING MALARIAL FEVER IN THEM DEMENTIA DUE TO PELLAGRA WAS TREATED WITH FOODS HAVING PELLAGRA PREVENTING FACTOR ( NOW KNOWN AS NIACIN OR VIT B3) 33

34. CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROSES PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS THAT WAS CAUSED BY CHANGES IN BRAIN FUNCTION IN WHICH NO ORGANIC LESION COULD BE FOUND GEORGE BEARD DESCRIBED “NEURASTHENIA”, A SYNDROME OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION IT WAS MOSTLY SEEN AMONG RICH UPPER CLASSES TREATED WITH REST,MASSAGE,EXERCISE HYPOCHONDRIASIS PIERRE MARIE FELIX JANET COINED THE TERM “DISSOCIATION” 34

35. HYSTERIA AND HYPNOSIS JAMES BRAID FRANZ ANTON MESMER 35 AUSTRIAN PHYSICIAN. HE BELIEVED THAT ILLNESS RESULTED FROM AN IMBALANCE OF UNIVERSAL MAGNETIC FIELDS. DEVELOPED THE CONCEPT OF ‘ ANIMAL MAGNETISM ’, WHICH LATER CAME TO BE KNOWN AS HYPNOSIS. COINED THE TERM ‘ HYPNOSIS ’, SEPARATING IT FROM ‘ ANIMAL MAGNETISM’.

36. JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT PERFORMING HYPNOSIS HYPNOSIS WAS A PATHOLOGICAL STATE THAT OCCURRED ONLY IN HYSTERICS TWO LEADING FRENCH PSYCHIATRISTS LIBEAULT AND BERNHEIM SUGGESTED THAT HYPNOSIS COULD BE USED AS A THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN NEUROTIC PATIENTS 36

37. SIGMUND FREUD AND THE CREATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 37 AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST. SOME OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS ARE: INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS FREE ASSOCIATION PSYCHODYNAMICS PSYCHOANALYSIS THEORY OF INFANTILE SEXUALITY; OEDIPUS COMPLEX; PENIS ENVY; PRIMAL SCENE; STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT LIBIDO THEORY CONCEPT OF REPRESSION; RESISTANCE; TRANSFERENCE; COUNTER-TRANSFERENCE; EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS CONCEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISMS TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF MIND THEORY OF INSTINCTS STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MIND PLEASURE AND REALITY PRINCIPLES THERAPEUTIC USE OF COUCH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE; SLIP OF TONGUE.

38. BEYOND FREUD ALFRED ADLER SEVERAL OF FREUD’S FOLLOWERS HAD THEORITICAL DIFFERENCES WITH HIM AS FREUD GAVE IMMENSE IMPORTANCE ON EARLY SEXUAL EXPERIENCES ON THE ADULT PERSONALITY CARL GUSTAV JUNG HARRY S SULLIVAN 38

39. KAREN HORNEY OTTO RANK ERIC ERIKSON THEORY ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 39

40. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES INKBLOT TEST SWISS PSYCHIATRIST HERMAN ROSCHACH DEVELOPED THE ‘INKBLOT TEST’ FOR PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST 40 TAT WAS DEVELOPED DURING 1930S BY HENRY A. MURRAY AND CHRISTINA D. MORGAN AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY

41. SOME OTHER EMINENT PSYCHIATRISTS KARL JASPERS - PHENOMENOLOGY LUDWIG KAHLBAUM - CATATONIA EWALD HECKER - HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA KURT SCHNEIDER - FIRST RANK SYMPTOMS GABRIEL LANGFELDT - SCHIZOPHRENIFORM PSYCHOSIS JACOB KASANIN - SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDERS 41

42. SOME OTHER PSYCHOTHERAPIES COGNITIVE THERAPY - AARON BECK INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY - WEISSMAN , KLERMAN PSYCHODRAMA - JACOB MORENO TOKEN ECONOMY - ALLYON , AZRIN SYSTEMIC DESENSITISATION - WOLPE 42

43. MIDDLE 20 TH AND LATE 20 TH CENTURY PIONEERED THE ART OF PSYCHOSURGERY TO TREAT MENTAL ILLNESS BY PREFRONTAL LEUCOTOMY ALMEIDA LIMA EGAZ MONIZ 43 PSYCHOSURGERY

44. J CADE STUDIED AND USED LITHIUM TO TREAT MANIA ADVENT OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY CONTINUE……… M SCHOU 44

45. OTHER NOTABLE DISCOVERIES 1952 DELAY AND DENIKAR USED CHLORPROMAZINE TO CALM PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS 1957 IMIPRAMINE - KUHN 1958 HALOPERIDOL - PAUL JANSSEN 1959 CLOZAPINE 45

46. NEWER THERAPIES THAT EMERGED IN THE 20 TH CENTURY MALARIAL THERAPY FOR GPI ( JAUREGG ) INSULIN COMA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA ( SAKEL ) CAMPHOR INDUCED SEIZURE ( VON MEDUNA ) ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY ( BINI,CERLETTI ) BARBITURATE COMA ( KALESI ) 46

47. NAZI EUTHANASIA FOR THE MENTALLY ILL (‘LIFE UNWORTHY OF LIFE’) AROUND 200000 MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE WERE KILLED AT HADAMAR, GERMANY 47

48. ANTIPSYCHIATRY ANTI-PSYCHIATRY IS THE VIEW THAT PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS ARE OFTEN MORE DAMAGING THAN HELPFUL TO PATIENTS, AND A MOVEMENT OPPOSING SUCH TREATMENTS FOR ALMOST TWO CENTURIES. ANTI-PSYCHIATRY ORIGINATES IN AN OBJECTION TO WHAT SOME VIEW AS DANGEROUS TREATMENTS. EXAMPLES INCLUDE ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY, INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY, BRAIN LOBOTOMY, AND THE OVER-PRESCRIPTION OF POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS. PSYCHIATRISTS INVOLVED IN THIS CHALLENGE INCLUDED THOMAS SZASZ, R. D. LAING, FRANCO BASAGLIA, DAVID COOPER. DAVID COOPER COINED THE TERM “ANTI-PSYCHIATRY” IN 1967, AND WROTE THE BOOK ‘ PSYCHIATRY AND ANTI-PSYCHIATRY’ IN 1971 THOMAS SZASZ INTRODUCED THE DEFINITION OF MENTAL ILLNESS AS A MYTH IN THE BOOK ‘ THE MYTH OF MENTAL ILLNESS’. 48

49. NOBEL PRIZES IN PSYCHIATRY AND RELATED FIELDS HIDEGO NOGUCHI (1913) T PALLIDUM CAUSES GPI (GENERAL PARALYSIS OF INSANE) J VON WAGNER JAUREGG (1927) MALARIA THERAPY FOR GPI IVAN PAVLOV (1904) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 49

50. KONRAD LORENZ (1973) ETHOLOGY(IMPRINTING IN ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR) EGAZ MONIZ (1949) PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY ERIC KANDEL (2000) PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY STORAGE IN NEURONS 50

51. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE PROBABLY THE FIRST RECORDED EVIDENCE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND COUNSELING. ALTHOUGH LORD KRISHNA EGGED ARJUNA ON TO ACTION(DIRECTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY),HE DID NOT FORCE HIS IDEAS ON ARJUNA.THE FINAL DECISION WAS LEFT TO ARJUNA.(‘DO WHAT YOU WANT TO DO’) THIS IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF CRISIS INTERVENTION PSYCHOTHERAPY. 51 BHAGAVAD GITA (4th CENTURY BC)

52. THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE INDIA- PSYCHIATRY WAS LABELLED “BHUT VIDYA” I.E. DEMONOLOGY AND HEREDITY WAS BELIEVED TO HAVE A CAUSATIVE ROLE IN MENTAL DISORDERS. THREE MAIN PERSONALITY TYPES WERE NAMED - SATVIK, RAJASIK AND TAMASIK. THE SAGE AGASTHYA WROTE A TREATISE ON MENTAL DISORDERS CALLED “AGASTIYAR KIRIGAI NOOL” KING ASHOKA IN HIS RULE ESTABLISHED MANY HOSPITALS IN WHICH MENTALLY ILL WERE HUMANELY CARED FOR ALONG WITH PHYSICALLY ILL PEOPLE. 52

53. SOME INDIAN PERSPECTIVES 1745- BOMBAY ASYLUM FIRST TO BE BUILT IN INDIA 1787- CALCUTTA ASYLUM FOR INSANE EUROPEANS 1793- MADRAS PRIVATE LUNATIC ASYLUM (DALTON’S MADHOUSE) 1795- LUNATIC ASYLUM FOR INDIAN SEPOYS IN MONGHYR 53

54. GIRINDRA SHEKHAR BOSE USED PSYCHOANALYTIC MEANS TO TREAT PATIENTS. HE PUBLISHED THE 1 ST PSYCHOANALYTIC JOURNAL “SAMIKHSHA” IN 1921. HE OPENED THE FIRST PSYCHIATRY UNIT IN R G KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA Lawrence Asylum, Chennai 54

55. S SIDDIQUI AND R SIDDIQUI ISOLATED 5 ALKALOIDS FROM SNAKEROOT RAUWOLFFIA SERPENTINA PLANT GANESH SEN AND KARTIK BOSE USED IT IN CASES OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND PSYCHOSIS (1931). IN RANCHI INDIAN MENTAL ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL FOR MENTAL DISEASES WERE OPENED AND BECAME IMPORTANT CENTERS FOR CARE IN EASTERN INDIA, NOW RENAMED RINPAS AND CIP RESPECTIVELY INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCIETY FORMED IN 1947 AND INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY FORMED AND RENAMED INDIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY IN 1958. MENTAL HEALTH ACT DRAFTED IN 1949 AND PASSED IN 1987 55

56. CENTRAL INSTITUE OF PSYCHIATRY, RANCHI DURING HIS TENURE IN CIP RANCHI, HE INITIATED FIRST OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY CLINIC IN INDIA 56

57. REFERENCES KAPLAN & SADOCK’S COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY, 9TH EDITION NEW OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF PSYCHIATRY, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2003 MORGAN & KING INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY, 7 TH EDN VYAS AND AHUJA TEXTBOOK OF POSTGRADUATE PSYCHIATRY, JAYPEE PUBLISHERS A CENTURY OF PSYCHIATRY BY HUGH FREEMAN, MOSBY HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES BY MS BHATIA AND T JAGAWAT, CBS PUBLISHERS INTERNET REFERENCES 57

58. THANK YOU 58