HISTORY OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.pptx

For your reference

1. Historical Foundation of PES, Recreation and Leisure Education

2. PRESENTATION CONTENTS: Early Culture/Primitive Society Egyptians Indians Chinese The Homeric Greeks The Spartans Greece Rome

3. Difference of recreation and leisure: Recreation – indulging in thrilling and exciting activities, to derive some pleasure and have fun in one’s leisure time Leisure – the spare or rest time in the daily life of a person when he is not occupied by work, studies, sleep etc

4. Early cultural and primitive society Beginning-6000 B.C. (Physical Education for Survival). Aims: increase group survival and improvement of youths.

5. Early cultural and primitive society: Program – Unorganized. Games of war, chase, tag, ritual dancing. Methods – Imitation, Indoctrination, Trial and Error. Two main activities are hunting and fishing.

6. Egyptians (3000-1100B.C.) They believed in living a full life (a life full of physical activities). Aims – Vocational, recreational, and religious. Program – Swimming, dance, archery, lion hunting, fishing, stick fighting, acrobatics, ball games, wrestling, etc.

7. Egyptians (3000-1100B.C.) Methods – Apprenticeship. Young boys are instructed to use: Bow & arrow, lance, shield, battleaxes, and mace. They are required to participate in exercises and activities for the body’s endurance and stamina.

8. Indians Their religious belief stressed reincarnation of the soul before being united finally with Brahma, the supreme God. Aims – They believe solely on the spiritual rather than physical needs.

9. Indians Program – Hindu Dance as their oldest organized dance; Yoga is a great contribution which is composed of exercise in posture and regulated breathing. Methods – Throwing balls, dice, tumbling, chariot races, marbles, riding elephant, plowing contest, horse riding, wrestling, swordsmanship, and boxing.

10. China (1700-800 B.c ) Ancestor worshipping was the characteristics of their religious belief. They were also into sedentary living because of memorizing the teaching of Confucius. Aims – earlier times states bodily conditioning is more important than later times.

11. China (1700-800 B.c ) Programs – Music, dance, archery(military purposes), polo, swimming, flying kites, light exercises (ex. Cong fu ), wrestling, water games. Methods – Little is known. Probably by learning by doing and by following the examples of elders. Different skill dances: split and whole feather dance, battle dance, humanity dance. Cong fu : was found as early as 2698 BC and also called as the earliest exercise recorded in history.

12. Homeric Greeks This era was named after the Greek poet HOMER. He wrote the Iliad and Odyssey which included the earliest records of athletic competitions. Aims – To develop the man of action. Every citizen was a soldier and physical fitness was a necessity. Homeric era developed the Greek Ideal > ARETE – All around mental, moral and physical excellence “Man of Action” “Man of Wisdom”

13. Homeric Greeks Programs – Chariot race, foot race, javelin throw. Dancing was another activity they participated before. Some sports activities were reserved for the Aristocrats, like boxing, wrestling, and running. Methods – Imitating adults, pay attention to the feast or funeral games, listening to exciting tales of the gods, memorizing the great epics, and absorbing wisdom of the council meetings.

14. Spartan Greeks Their objective is to contribute to a strong and powerful army. Aims – Their P.E was designed to develop a man of action who possessed brute strength, physical endurance, unflinching courage and military skill. The mother was responsible to train the child until the age of 7. AGOGE – formal education system supervised by the paidonomus (superintendent).

15. Spartan Greeks Stage in education: Birth – examined by elders if weak or healthy. If weak, thrown in Mt. Tygetus and let die; if not it will be trained. 3-4 – taught value of obedient soldiers, girls learn about bearing healthy children and participate in gymnastics and other activities like horseback riding, wrestling and swimming. 7 – began military training in barracks with jumping and running for body conditioning. 20 – engaged in intensive military training and actual warfare. 30 – qualified for citizenship and were expected to marry. They also train the youth.

16. Spartan Greeks Programs – their curriculum consists of military training. Gymnastics exercise were main P.E for youths. Also running, fighting, leaping, swimming, hunting, wrestling, hiking, boxing, playing ball, discus and javelin throw, competing in arena. Methods – periodic testing by the ephors (state officials) was administered to evaluate the boy’s physical capacity and citizenship, praise and punishment used. Flogging was the universal penalty. Pancratium - a combination of wrestling and boxing.

17. Athens Greeks They focus on intellect and educational system rather than power. They believed in music as “SOUL” and gymnastics as “BODY”. Aims – P.E was an integral part of national life not only in the need to prepare citizens for war, but also in the Greek ideals of Aesthetic (beauty and harmony). The state gave no financial support to formal education.

18. Athens Greeks Father determines the child’s physical fitness. Girls remained at home until they are married. They have 2 kinds of private elementary schools: Palaestra (wrestling) for P.E and Didascaleum (music) for literature and arithmetic. Paidotribes – first physical education in palaestra . Gymnasiarch – Chief official at the gymnasium.

19. Athens Greeks 4 special festivals in name of 4 Gods: Olympia – in honor of Zeus, the supreme God. Held in western peloponnesus district. Pynthia – in honor of Apollo, the God of light and truth. Held in north of the Corinthian Gulf. Nemea – in honor of Zeus, held at Argolis near Cleonae . Isthmia – in honor of Poseidon, the God of Sea. Held at Isthmus of Corith . Olive Branches – awarded for the victor/winner of the event.

20. Roman Republic (500 BC to 27 BC) They focused singularly in serving the state. Campus Martius – Military camps. Aims – Their P.E was designed to develop a good and obedient soldiers. Programs – All sons were taught to become citizen-soldiers including their education in mental and physical readiness for war, respect for the law and reverence for Gods.

21. Roman Republic (500 BC – 27 BC) 17 years old – men were drafted for active duty until the age of 47 (if needed). Daughters were educated to assume vital role in raising children. Religious festivals for honoring Gods is important. They don’t participate in athletic contest and dance; rather they offered sacrifices to their Gods and then a spectator. This festival serves no educational purposes.

22. Roman Empire (27 BC to 476 AD) Under Augustus Caesar, a hardy peasant who have gained land in exchange for military services. Coliseum became the favorite site for gladiatorial contests. Animal fights. Gladiators fought each other for freedom and for money. Roman men participated in health gymnastics or ball games to over come indolent lifestyle.