History of trade and commerce

class 11th business studies

1. History of trade and commerce in India Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

2. During ancient times, Indiana's were the masters of the seaborne trade of Europe, Asia and Africa. Large extent its supplies of fine cotton and silk fabric, spices, indigo, sugar, drugs, precious stones and many curious works of art from India in exchange of gold and silver. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

3. Indigenous Banking system An indigenous banker or bank is defined as an individual or private firm which receive deposits, deals in hundies or engages itself in lending money. Advent of British had an adverse impact in their business Nationalization of banks and emergence of modern commercial banks are the important reasons of decline in indigenous banking in India. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

4. Types of indigenous banks Gujarat shroffs Shikarpuri or Multani shroffs Chettiars of south Marwari kayas of Assam. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

5. Functions of indigenous banks Accepting deposits Advancing loans Discounting Hundis Speculation Financing inland trade . Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

6. Rise of intermediaries A financial intermediary is an institution or an individual that acts as a middleman to facilitate the channel of funds between lenders and borrowers. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

7. Intermediaries Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A., Financial intermediaries in India Organised sector Unorganised sector Capital market intermediaries Money market intermediaries Development Bank Insurance companies EXIM bank Agricultural finance RBI Commercial Banks Cooperative Banks Post office saving banks Money lenders Indigenous bankers Pawn brokers Traders and landlords

8. Organised sector It is registered sector of financial intermediaries The intermediaries have to follow certain norms and policy Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

9. Capital market intermediaries Capital market is a market for medium and long term Example – the Bombay Stock Exchange (1875) , and some developmental banks ….. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

10. Money market The money market is a market for short-term funds which deals in monetary assets Example – commercial banks, P.O…. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

11. Unorganised sector This sector is not directly controlled by the RBI There is a case of entry Smaller scale of operation Local ownership Flexible interest rate . Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

12. Role of financial intermediaries Liability Asset transformation Size transformation Maturity transformation Risk transformation Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

13. Transport Since 1990s, India's growing economy has witnessed a rise in demand for transport infrastructure and services. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

14. Mode of Transport Road transport India has one of largest road network in the world with total length of about 42.3 lakh km. About 85% passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by roads Sher Shah Suri built GT road in 16 th century National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has ben role in the development and maintance of road transport Golden Quadrilateral – 5846 km long, 4/6lanes , Delhi –Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata. North South Corridor – 4,076 km long , Srinagar (J&K)-Kanyakumari (TN) East West Corridor – 3,640 km long, Silchar(Assam)-Porbandar(Gujarat) Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

15. Mode of Transport Rail Transport Railways was introduced to India in 1853(Bombay to Thane) for 34 km The total length of Indian railways network if 64460 km (2011) In September 2016, Indian government signed a contract with japan to laid the foundation of Bullet train project between Mumbai and Ahmedabad Indian railways is one of the largest employment provider in India with over 13.6 lakhs employees Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

16. Mode of Transport Water transport It can be divided into two major categories – Inland waterways and Oceanic waterways. India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. Currently 5685 km of major rivers is navigable by mechanized flat bottom vessels. roughly 95% of Indian's foreign trade by volume and 75% by value moves through ocean routes. Allahabad-Haldia is the major waterways covers 1,620 km. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

17. Mode of Transport Air transport Air transport was started in 1911, with the commencement of airmail over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini. The Airport Authority of India (1995) is accountable for providing good Indian air space Indigo, Jet Airways and Jetline, Spice jet and Air India are the major airlines of India. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

18. Trading Communities Wholesale trader, known as ‘Seth’ or ‘Bohra’ Retail traders, known as ‘Beoparies’ or Banik’ ‘Chettis’ community in South India ‘Banjaras’ The Sarrafs are specilaised in chaning money. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

19. Merchant corporations Merchant corporation is a frim involved in wholesale trade, especially one dealing with foreign countries of suppling goods to a particular trade Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

20. Major trade centers A trade centre of a country, is a place which facilitates exports, and imports of goods, services, finance and technology Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

21. Major imports and exports Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

22. Composition of Imports Indian government restricted imports immediately after independent to attain self sufficiency But second five year plan, government allowed imports of capital goods for industrial development In 1960s India's import comprised capital goods Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

23. Direction of Imports India's major import partners were USA, China, UK, Germany, Japan, Iran, France, Russia, Belgium and Saudi Arabia… Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

24. Composition of Exports India's export was largely agro-based In 1970s government finally gave a definite shape to country's export policy Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

25. Direction of Exports UK, US . Soviet, Japan, Russia, Germany, Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

26. Position of india in HDI Position Country HDI I Sri lanka 0.766 Ii Maldives 0.701 Iii India 0.624 Iv Bhutan 0.607 V Bangladesh 0.579 Vi Nepal 0.568 vii Pakistan 0.550 Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A.,

27. Madan Kumar M.A.,M.A.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,M.B.A., Thank you