history presentation on architecture philosophies

history presentation on architecture philosophies in the world post world war and industrialization

1. 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY Architecture Theories and Examples L-3 Late 19th Century AD to 20th Century AD; Arts and Crafts movement, Art Noveau , Art Deco; Expressionism; De Still movement; Cubism; Organic Prepared By: Prof. Jambavati.Gouda Assistant Professor- Senior Scale B.Arch , M.Arch (Urban Design) ARC 4109 : History Theory & Criticism - V

2. ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES AND TIMELINE Arts & Crafts Movement Art Nouveau Expressionism Art Deco De Setijl Movement Cubism Organic Architecture 1917-1923 1880-1920 1890-1910 1900-1960s 1901-1930s 1909-1927 20 th Century

3. ECLECTICISM

4. Eclecticism-Introduction It is conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions. They follow multiple theories, style, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject. The term used to describe the combination, in a single work with many of elements from different historical styles. Eclecticism is a nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.

5. Eclecticism -Features Melbourne Fish Market Freedom from the more formal principles of tradition & new possibilities for creative expression by reinterpreting the older architectural styles. The architects were choosing between the styles, and sometimes they also mixed different elements . The façade became only a dress; the architects could change it without changing the ground plan. Clients came from middle class families. Merchants felt no longer bound by one particular accepted taste.

6. Eclecticism was very personal and very variable depending on the architect's training and confidence which could vary from one architect to another. New materials brought variety and colour. Polychrome was in part inherited from the neo-gothic . Use of new technologies allowed for an increase in the height and spaciousness of the buildings Eclecticism- Features

7. structural features furniture, decorative motifs distinct historical ornament traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries with the mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value. Eclecticism - Elements

8. Daniel Burnham Alexander Jackson Davis Antonio Gaudi Richard Morris Hunt Charles Follen McKim Richard Norman Shaw Stanford White Eclecticism-Architects

9. The Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain by Antonio Gaudi Eclecticism

10. Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris by Jean-Baptiste Lepère Eclecticism

11. ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

12. The Arts and Crafts Movement began primarily as a search for authentic and meaningful styles for the 19th century Tudor Home, Chicago Art & Crafts Movement-Introduction Formed as a reaction to the eclectic revival of historic styles of the Victorian era and to "soul-less" machine-made production aided by the Industrial Revolution.

13. The Arts and Crafts style was partly a reaction against the style of many of the items shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851 , which were ornate, artificial and ignored the qualities of the materials used. It advocated economic and social reform - to be essentially anti-industrial. Arts and Crafts objects were simple in form , without excessive decoration, and how they were constructed was often still visible. Emphasized on the qualities of the materials used. Machine - the root cause of all repetitive and ordinary evils Heroes of this movement turned entirely away from the use of machines and towards handcraft Art & Crafts Movement-Introduction

14. A.W.N. Pugin John Ruskin William Morris A leader in the Gothic revival in architecture. Advocated truth to material, structure and function Drew examples of bad modern buildings and town planning in contrast with good medieval examples A healthy and moral society required independent workers who designed the things they made Favoured craft production over industrial manufacture main influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. He was personally involved in manufacture as well as design, which was to be the hallmark of the Arts and Crafts movement His patterns were based on flora and fauna and his products were inspired by the vernacular or domestic traditions of the British countryside Art & Crafts Movement -Architects

15. Aesthetic ideas were borrowed from Medieval European and Islamic sources. Japanese ideas were also incorporated early Arts and Crafts forms. The forms of Arts and Crafts style were typically rectilinear and angular, with stylized decorative themes reminiscent of medieval and Islamic design. Truth to materials, structure and function became characteristic of the Arts and Crafts movement. Art & Crafts Movement- Characteristics

16. High quality wood trim Stained-glass windows behind fireplace Built-in furniture and shelving Lantern type light fixtures Quarter-sawn oak floors Fireplace in Living Room Gustav Stickley furniture Art & Crafts Movement -Example

17. Gustav Stickley furniture Art & Crafts Movement -Example

18. Red House, England, designed for William Morris by Philip Webb, 1859. Art & Crafts Movement -Example

19. The Gamble House, Pasadena, CA, 1908. Arts & Crafts Movement Art & Crafts Movement -Example

20. Art & Crafts Movement -Example

21. ART NOUVEAU

22. A modern movement started in Europe around the start of the 20 th Century. Art Nouveau was in many ways a response to the Industrial Revolution. Some artists and architects welcomed technological progress and embraced the aesthetic possibilities of new materials such as cast iron. Art Nouveau (1890-1910)

23. Characterized by : Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewellery and glass design, posters, and illustration. It was a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of the imitative historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art and design . Art Nouveau (1890-1910) Art Nouveau designers also believed that all the arts should work in harmony to create a "total work of art".

24. Architecture particularly shows the synthesis of ornament and structure ; a liberal combination of materials—ironwork, glass, ceramic, and brickwork—was employed, for example, in the creation of unified interiors in which columns and beams became thick vines with spreading tendrils and windows became both openings for light and air and membranous outgrowths of the organic whole. Art Nouveau (1890-1910)-Features Hotel Tassel , 1890s Horta house

25. Lead by architects in European countries like Antoni Gaudi ( Spain ) Victor Horta ( Brussels ) Hector Guimard ( France ) Charles Rennie Mackintosh ( UK ) Art Nouveau (1890-1910) -Architects

26. The name 'Art Nouveau' derived from the name of a shop in Paris, Maison de l'Art Nouveau , that showcased objects that followed this approach to design. Louis Comfort Tiffany, Glass Vase , c1910. Art Nouveau (1890-1910)

27. Louis Comfort Tiffany   Art Nouveau (1890-1910)

28. Henry van de Velde Art Nouveau (1890-1910)

29. Hotel Tassel (Victor Horta) – 1 st Art Nouveau Building in the World Art Nouveau (1890-1910 )

30. ANTONIO GAUDÍ Casa Battlo Casa Mila Art Nouveau (1890-1910 )

31. ART DECO

32. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 to 1940s Reaction to the forced strictness imposed by world war I . It affected all the decorative arts and was seen as elegant, glamorous, functional and modern. This movement was a mixture of many different styles which include Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Futurism . Art Deco

33. The structure of Art Deco is based on mathematical geometric shapes . Materials used like: Aluminum Stainless steel Exotic materials like sharkskin, zebra skin in interiors, etc A bold use of stepped forms and sweeping curves, and sunburst motif are typical of Art Deco. Eastern Entrance to Columbia Building Art Deco- Features

34. Raymond Hood William Van Alen Walter Dorwin Teague Erich Mendelsohn. Art Deco-Architects

35. Recognized for its terraced crown Composed of seven radiating terraced arches. Materials: The top was crowned by a stainless steel spire. ornamented by deco "gargoyles " in the form of stainless steel radiator cap decorations. The base of the tower, thirty-three stories above the street, was decorated with colorful art deco friezes the lobby was decorated with art deco symbols and images expressing modernity Art Deco-Examples The Crown of Chrysler building In United State

36. Empire State Building Art Deco- Examples Location: New York Year : 1931 Type: Skyscraper (Landmark) Architect: William F. Lamb

37. New India Assurance Building Art Deco- Examples Location: Mumbai Year : 1936 Architect: Master Sarhe & Bhuta With N.G. Parsare (Artistic designer) Material: Reinforced Cement Concrete Style: Combination of modern art deco features with a modified classicism that is evident in the strong vertical ribs of the façade giving the building a monumental appearance.

38. Regal Cinema designed by charles stevens in 1933. Eros Cinema designed by Sorabji Bhedwar Art Deco - Examples

39. EXPRESSIONISM

40. Cultural movement started in Germany in 1920’s. Initiated in poetry and painting. Expressed a more emotional than a physical reality about the world. Expressionism also exhibited in other art forms like literature, architecture, theatre, film and music. The Expressionist stress on the individual perspective was also a reaction to positivism and other artistic movements such as naturalism and impressionism. Expressionism- Introduction The scream, Edvard Munch

41. Distortion of form for an emotional effect. Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience. An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary. Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representation of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products. Often hybrid solutions , irreducible to a single concept. Themes of natural romantic phenomena , such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its close contemporary art nouveau. Uses creative potential of artisan craftsmanship. Tendency more towards the  gothic than the classical . Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the  romanesque  and the rococo than the classical . Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western. It draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek. Conception of architecture as a work of art . Expressionism-Features

42. Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion Cologne Werkbund Exhibition (1914) Glass Pavilion Built for the association of the German glass industry specifically for the 1914 exhibition The structure was a brightly colored landmark at the exhibition, and was constructed using concrete and glass. The Glass Pavilion was a pineapple-shaped multi-faceted polygonal designed rhombic structure. It was a fourteen-sided base constructed of thick glass bricks used on the exterior walls devoid of rectangles. Expressionism -Example

43. Expressionism -Example Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion Cologne Werkbund Exhibition (1914)

44. Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany,1921. It was an astrophysical observatory in Albert Einstein Science Park, Germany It was designed to house a telescope which helped in conducting experiments to prove Einstein’s theories It was built in brick and covered in stucco It was visualized as a space ship letting it emerge out of “the mystique around Einstein's universe." Expressionism -Example

45. Expressionism -Example

46. Gunther Domenig Hans Scharoun Rudolf Steiner Bruno Taut Erich Mendelsohn Walter Gropius (early works) Eero Saarinen Expressionism -Architects

47. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT

48. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT Based in Netherlands Means simply "the style" in Dutch Partly a reaction against the decorative excesses of Art Deco Envisioned by its creators as a universal visual language appropriate to the modern era a visual language consisting of precisely rendered geometric forms - usually straight lines, squares, and rectangles--and primary colors. City Hall in The Hague by Richard Meier. Rietveld Schroder House , Utrecht (1924) by Gerrit Rietveld City Hall in The Hague

49. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT-Features De Stijl artwork stands out through its use of primary colors , horizontal and vertical lines, squares, and rectangles within the genre of modernism. 1. Straight lines : De Stijl art features clean and straight vertical and horizontal lines that intersect to form right angles. 2. Primary colors : De Stijl artists used primary colors —red, yellow, and blue—plus black and white. These colors do not touch or blend, and straight lines typically divide the colors . 3. Thick strokes : The straight lines in De Stijl artworks are typically black lines in thick strokes to accentuate the division between colors and boxes. 4. Geometric forms : Rectangle and square boxes are standard fixtures of the De Stijl movement. Simple geometric forms were motifs in many pieces, which echoes in De Stijl -influenced architecture. Buildings resembling boxes with various compartments exemplify this art movement.

50. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT

51. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT

52. DE SETIJL MOVEMENT Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924) by Gerrit Rietveld

53. CUBISM

54. CUBISM An early-20th-century revolutionary art movement. Influenced European painting and sculpture , and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Simplification of building design , the use of materials appropriate to industrial production , and the increased use of glass . Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. “Rondo cubism” developed in Prague: A combination of cubist architecture and round shapes. House of the Black Madonna, Prague (1912) by Josef Gočár . Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum), Zürich- Seefeld ( Zürichhorn ) House of the Black Madonna

55. House of Black Madonna Prague

56. It uses the same symmetrical facades, gables, lucarnes , portals which can be found in the previously built houses but only subjected to a characteristic triangular pixelation .

57. ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

58. ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE From Ancient Greece to Art Nouveau. Inspired by life, nature, and natural forms. Promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches. Integration and unification with its site. Taliesin West, Arizona by F.L. Wright Robie House, Chicago by F.L. Wright Casa Mila Fallingwater

59. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT In 1908, Frank Lloyd Wright introduced the word 'organic' into his philosophy. Wright changed Louis Sullivan’s slogan "form follows function“ to " form and function are one “, using nature as the best example of this integration. Organic is not a style of imitation but a reinterpretation of nature's principles . A building is a product of its place and its time, intimately connected to a particular moment and site; never the result of an imposed style. A marriage between the site and the structure and a union between the context and the structure. Wright rejected the idea of making a bank look like a Greek temple. Darwin D. Martin House, New York (1903-05) Fallingwater , Pennsylvania (1935)

60. ANTONIO GAUDI The straight line belonged to men and the curved line to God. The early medieval, Islamic, and Catalan influences extreme plasticity that superbly integrates structure, materials, and sculptural form. He closely observed natural forms Structures that stand like a tree, needing no internal bracing or external buttressing; with catenary's, hyperbolic, and parabolic arches and vaults, and inclined columns and helicoidally (spiral cone) piers. Predicted complex structural forces via string models hung with weights (his results now confirmed by computer analysis). Casa Mila, Barcelona (1906-12) Sagrada Familia , Barcelona (1882-2026)

61. Task-Analysis of Architecture Theories and Examples through sketches of representative buildings . A3 size Sheets

62. THANK YOU Prepared By: Prof. Jambavati.Gouda Assistant Professor- Senior Scale B.Arch , M.Arch (Urban Design)