HIV LABORATORY TESTS description on HIV pathophysiology and tests

HIV laboratory TESTS

1. HIV LABORATORY TESTING By group 7

2. INTRODUCTION HIV( human immuno deficiency virus) is a virus that attacks and suppresses the body`s immune system the white blood cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes hence when left untreated it can develop to an acquired syndrome called the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

3. PROPERTIES Family –lentivirus Retrovirus Can cause aids by transforming human retrovirus Gentic forms Hiv 1 – is most common in the united states , Europe & central Africa Hiv 2 – is common in west Africa and india Hiv 1 and 2 are genetical different but related

4. Structure of hiv Sperical in structure Viral core Nucleo capsid Lip envelope

5. HIV GENOME IT CONTAINS TWO MAIN GROUPS OF GENES AND THEIR PRODUCTS ACT AS ANTIGENS: Standard genes: HIV-1 RNA genome contains three standard retroviral genes, which are typical of retroviruses. These include: gag, pol, and env genes. Initially, the protein products of the gag and pol genes are translated into large precursor proteins and are later cleaved by the viral enzyme protease to form  mature proteins Accessory genes: HIV contains accessory genes: e.g. tat, rev, vif , nef , and vpr , and vpu . Th ey regulate the synthesis and assembly of infectious viral particles and the pathogenicity of the virus

6. Hiv genome HIV 2 GENOME

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   Infected body fluids are introduced into the body of an uninfected person   The HIV virus crosses into the T-4 Cell count   The virus uses the genetic mechanisms of the cell to produce millions of new viruses   The cell dies and the new viruses are released into the blood to infect new un-infected cells   The T-4 cells are killed and the patient becomes immuno deficient   The person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections or AIDS related cancers.

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

9. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

10. Acute hiv infection signs and symptoms Flu-like Symptom s : Fever Chills Rash Night sweats Muscle aches Sore throat Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes

11. Clinical latency stage signs and symptoms Asymptomatic Phase The virus is active but reproduces at very low levels. Many individuals may not experience any symptoms during this stage, which can last for several years. Progression to AIDS If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), characterized by:

12. Clinical latency stage signs and symptoms Opportunistic infections Increased susceptibility to infections due to weakened immune response. Common infections include: Tuberculosis (TB) Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Candidiasis (thrush)   Malignancies Higher risk of certain cancers, such as: Kaposi's sarcoma Lymphomas Neurological symptoms HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which can lead to memory issues, confusion, and motor skill problems.  

13. Opportunistic infections Bacterial 1.⁠ ⁠Tuberculosis (TB) 2.⁠ ⁠Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) 3.⁠ ⁠Salmonellosis 4.⁠ ⁠Shigellosis 5.⁠ ⁠Bacillary angiomatosis (Bartonella henselae ) viral 1.⁠ ⁠Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2.⁠ ⁠Herpes zoster virus (HZV) 3.⁠ ⁠Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 4.⁠ ⁠Human papillomavirus (HPV) 5.⁠ ⁠JC virus (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) fungal 1.⁠ ⁠Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) 2.⁠ ⁠Cryptococcal meningitis 3.⁠ ⁠Histoplasmosis 4.⁠ ⁠Coccidioidomycosis 5.⁠ ⁠Candidiasis

14. Hiv prevention strategies Primary prevention 1.⁠ ⁠Abstinence 2.⁠ ⁠Condom use (male and female) 3.⁠ ⁠Mutual monogamy 4.⁠ ⁠HIV testing and counseling 5.⁠ ⁠Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) 6.⁠ ⁠Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) 7.⁠ ⁠Needle exchange programs 8.⁠ ⁠Harm reduction programs Biomedical intervention 1.⁠ ⁠Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-positive individuals 2.⁠ ⁠Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) for high-risk individuals 3.⁠ ⁠Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after potential exposure 4.⁠ ⁠Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) 5.⁠ ⁠HIV testing and treatment for STIs

15. LABORATORY TESTS Diagnostic Tests Rapid Tests (RT): Quick, point-of-care tests detecting HIV antibodies. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Measures HIV antibody levels. Western Blot: Confirms HIV diagnosis

16. LABORATORY TESTS Viral Load Tests Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Measures viral RNA levels. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): Detects viral genetic material. Branched DNA ( bDNA ) Assay: Quantifies viral load.

17. LABORATORY TESTS CD4 Cell Count Tests 1. Flow Cytometry: Measures CD4 T-cell levels. 2. Immunophenotyping: Analyzes immune cell subsets. Resistance Testing 1. Genotypic Resistance Testing: Identifies genetic mutations. 2. Phenotypic Resistance Testing: Measures drug susceptibility.

18. LABORATORY TESTS Monitoring Tests 1. Viral Load Monitoring: Tracks treatment effectiveness. 2. CD4 Cell Count Monitoring: Assesses immune system recovery. Early Detection Tests 1. p24 Antigen Test: Detects HIV p24 protein. 2. Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT): Detects HIV genetic material.

19. LABORATORY TESTS Other Tests 1. HIV-1/HIV-2 Differentiation Test: Identifies HIV type. 2. HIV Viral Culture: Detects live virus. Test Algorithms 1. Serial Testing: Combines multiple tests for accurate diagnosis. 2. Parallel Testing: Uses multiple tests simultaneously.

20. LABORATORY TESTS Interpretation Positive: HIV infection confirmed. Negative: No HIV infection detected. Indeterminate: Results require retesting. Window Period Time between exposure and detectable antibodies. Varies by test type and individual.

21. Window period

22. LABORAtory tests Pre- and Post-Test Counseling 1. Informed consent. 2. Risk assessment. 3. Test explanation. 4. Result disclosure. 5. Support and referral. Accurate HIV testing and interpretation are crucial for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

23. references earon , Margaret. “The Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infections.”  The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien Des Maladies Infectieuses et de La Microbiologie Medicale , vol. 16, no. 1, 2005, pp. 26–30, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / pmc /articles/PMC2095005/, https://doi.org/10.1155/2005/515063 . World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: HIV/AIDS. Available at  https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/ . Accessed: May 8, 2019. Chan, Philip A. “Laboratory Assays for Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV Infection: Overview, Diagnostic HIV Assays, Assays for HIV Disease Management.”  Medscape.com , Medscape, 29 Aug. 2024, emedicine.medscape.com /article/1995114-overview?form= fpf .