Hofstede and Hall and presetnation Multicultural

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1. Communication Taxonomies
Hall and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions &
Value Patterns

2. Hall's Taxonomies

High-Context Culture

Low-Context Culture

Hall's Overall Argument: Individual's culture provides a
“screen” between the person and the stimuli they face,
dictating what perceptions to notice

3. High-Context Culture Definition

Most meanings of messages are implied by the physical
setting, individual's beliefs/values

The meanings of messages are NOT explicitly
communicated

Example: The Wedding that Never Happen on pg. 104

4. Low-Context Culture Definition

Messages are communicated explicitly

Basically, no guessing!

Abstract language is not used

Clear and concrete language is utilized

Sarcasm is also not prevalent in low context cultures

5. Hofstede's Taxonomies

Power Distance

Uncertainty Avoidance

Individualism vs.
Collectivism

Masculinity vs.
Femininity

Time Orientation

Indulgence vs. Restraint
Hofstede's Overall
Taxonomies Argument:
People carry mental
programs (beliefs) that
develop in childhood and is
reinforced by their culture

6. Power Distance Definition

The degree to which a
culture/society believes
that organizational
authority be given
unequally

The degree of how much
power individuals have
over others that should be
accepted or questioned

HIGH Degree (Education)
Students are discouraged to
ask questions to their
teachers

LOW Degree (Education)
Asking questions is valuable

7. What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

Cultures extent of feeling threaten about the
future/unknown situations

Cultures extent that knowing the future is comforting at the
present moment

Cultures tend to have more stringently enforced laws and/or
religious dogma

Cultures tend to gossip more

8. Uncertainty Avoidance

HIGH Degrees
1. More worrisome/high
anxiety
2. High concern for
preventing “Murphy's
Law”
3. Must plan for the future
LOW Degrees
1. More carefree
2. “No worries be happy”

9. What is Masculinity vs. Femininity?

The degree to which a culture values “masculine” behaviors
or “feminine” behaviors

Characteristics such as: confidence, deep vocal tone, tall,
attractive, and assertive are valued in masculine cultures.

Characteristics such as: nurturing, selfless actions,
encouragement, support, and collaboration are valued in
feminine cultures.

10. Masculinity vs. Femininity Degrees

HIGH Degree of
Masculinity
1. Sex roles are clearly define
2. Inequality among the sexes
is beneficial
3. Hierarchies throughout all
of society are prevalent
HIGH Degree of Femininity
1. Sex roles are fluid
2. Equality among the two
sexes
3. More egalitarian

11. What is Indulgence vs. Restraint?

The dimension that a culture has when it comes to being
self-discipline and being indulgent

Indulgent cultures tend to spend more, their worth is shown
through material goods, decisions are made more
spontaneously, and casual sex happens more often.

Restraint cultures tend to save their money and belongings,
pass on traditions for many generations, stay in
monogamous relationships, and are very loyal to family,
work, and commitments.

12. Indulgence vs. Restraint Degrees

HIGH Levels of
Indulgence
1. YOLO culture (motto)
2. Having fun
3. Fulfilling food/drink
desires, and sexual
pleasures
HIGH Levels of Restraint
1. Never give into
temptations
2. Willpower, self-control,
reaching above earthly
evils

13. That's the End!