Holding pattern, time correction and entry ways

holding pattern

1. Holding pattern

2. Introduction We will introduce in the holding pattern What types we can find How to do it and the different corrections to apply Finally we will do a practical exercise.

3. Objectives Standard/No standard circuit patterns Types of holding entry: Direct, teardrop, parallel Holding time Drift correction Example

4. Standard/No standard circuit patterns Standard = Right turn No Standard = Left turn In this 2 examples the holding pattern are part of the initial approach fix that is the point where the initial approach segment of an instrument approach begins We have a MHA to be safe. QNH must me set. The pattern is divided in 4 parts: Inbound Outbound and 2 turns The turn is standard, so 3 degree per seconds. We will do the turn in 1 minute

5. Types of holding entry

6. Direct entry After arriving at the holding fix, we turn left/right to follow the holding pattern

7. Teardrop/off –set entry Once the fix is reached we turn to the outbound heading +30 degrees (Non standard) or -30 degrees (Standard) and fly for 1minute - If the outbound track is to the left of our heading +30 - If the outbound track is to the right of our heading -30 2. We then tun left / right to: Intercept the approach path and continue the normal holding pattern, or proceed directly to the holding fix when after 30 seconds it observed that you will not be able to intercept the arrival route. Note: In the teardrop entry all the truns are going to be in the same direction of the citcuit pattern

8. Parallel entry Once the fix is reached, we turn right/left to a outbound heading and maintain that heading for 1 minute, and then turn toward the hold side and rejoin the inbound course to proceed to the fix. Note: proceed directly to the holding fix when after 30seconds it is observed that you will not be able to intercept the arrival route In a parallel entry the two first turns are contrary to the direction of the pattern

9. Holding time. When do we star to count? When outbound we should start counting time: - Abeam of the reference fix - Reaching the desired outbound heading with wings levelled “ WHICHEVER OCCURS LATER” When inbound we should start counting time - Once stablished inbound and over the desired course with wings levelled…. “ WHICHEVER OCCURS LATER

10. Holding time .When do we start to count if we don’t intercept the inbound track at the first time ? What happen if we realized we are going to finish the turn to inbound inside of the holding pattern? We shall start counting times once we are stablished with an intercepting angle to the inbound course On the contrary, if we finish the turn to inbound outside the holding pattern we shall start counting times when passing through the inbound heading .

11. Holding time If we have time left on the approaching leg, we substract it from the distance leg “HALF WHAT I HAVE REMAINING” Time corrections shall always be done on the outbound leg

12. Holding time If we are short of time on the approach leg, we add to the distance leg “TWICE WHAT I AM MISSING ” Time corrections shall always be done on the outbound leg

13. DRIFT CORRECTIONS For holding patterns of 1’ minute we will apply on outbound leg a correction three times the correction angle used in inbound. (always to the wind).

14. DRIFT CORRECTIONS For holding patterns of 1’ 30”, double of wind correction will be sufficient.

15. Example We approach to IAF with a heading 360, non standard turn, radial outbound 093. What type of entry is it?

16. We do a parallel entry, arriving to the station we turn right heading 093 during 1 minute, after that we turn to the right with the inbound heading plus 30 to intercept the inbound track. If after 30 minutes we don’t intercept the track we proceed directly to the station. Once over the station we turn left to do circuit pattern.

17. Summary Standard pattern RIGHT / Non standard pattern LEFT Types of entry: Direct, Parallel, teardrop Time correction If we are short of time “TWICE WHAT I AM MISSING” If we have time left “HALF WHAT I HAVE REMAINING” ALWAYS APPLY TO THE OUTBOUND TRACK Drift correction three times the correction angle used in inbound for 1 minute pattern For holding patterns of 1’ 30”, double of wind correction will be sufficient.

18. Thank you for your attention