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1. By :madhu rathi
ANCIENT INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

2. Content......
● Brief overview of ancient Indian architecture.
● Significance of indus valley civilization.
● Building materials and techniques.
● Notable structures.
● Art and symbols : seals and pottery.

3. 1- Brief overview of ancient
Indian architecture
Ancient Indian Architecture is as old as the history of
civilization in India. India's Indus Valley cities include
the earliest observable evidence of architectural
buildings. The most distinctive of India's ancient
architecture are its temples, Chaityas, Viharas, Stupas,
and other places of worship.

4. Traditional Indian architecture, in addition to temples
and temple complexes, included fortresses, palaces,
enormous step-wells, and monuments. Water and light
are often incorporated in some way into these
structures. The most ancient places, such as Harappan,
would have been mainly constructed out of brick and
wood.
There are three broad styles of Indian temple
architecture: Nagara (northern style), Vesara (mixed
style), and Dravida (southern style). Each of these types
has its own distinct cultural influences and lineages.

8. Much early Indian architecture was in wood, which has
almost always decayed or burnt, or brick, which has
often been taken away for re-use. The large amount of
Indian rock-cut architecture, essentially beginning
around 250 BCE, is therefore especially important, as
much of it clearly adapts forms from contemporary
constructed buildings of which no examples remain.
There are also a number of important sites where the
floor-plan has survived to be excavated, but the upper
parts of structures have vanished.

9. 2- Significance of indus valley
civilization
The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, a
technical and political process concerned with the use
of land and design of the urban environment. They are
also noted for their baked brick houses, elaborate
drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of
large, nonresidential buildings.

10. The term Harappan is sometimes
applied to the Indus
civilisation after its type
site Harappa, the first to
be excavated early in the 20th
century in what was then the
Punjab province of British
India and is now Punjab, Pakistan.

11. Excavated ruins of
Mohenjo-daro, Sindh
province, Pakistan,
showing the Great Bath in
the foreground. Mohenjo-
daro, on the right bank of
the Indus River, is a
UNESCO World Heritage
Site, the first site in South
Asia to be so declared.

12. Miniaturevotiveimag
es or toy models
fromHarappa,c.2500
BCE. Terracotta
figurines indicate
the yoking of zebu
oxen for pulling cart
and the presence
ofthe chicken, a
domesticated jungle
fowl.

13. The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-
daro was the culmination of work that had begun after
the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the
British Raj in 1861.[6] There were earlier and later
cultures called Early Harappan and Late Harappan in the
same area. The early Harappan cultures were populated
from Neolithic cultures, the earliest and best-known of
which is Mehrgarh, in Balochistan, Pakistan.[7][8]
Harappan civilisation is sometimes called Mature
Harappan to distinguish it from the earlier cultures.

14. The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their
urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage
systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-
residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and
metallurgy.[d] Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very
likelygrew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000
individuals,[10] and the civilisation may have contained
between one and five million individuals during its
florescence.[11] A gradual drying of the region during
the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the
initialstimulus for its urbanisation.

18. 3 - Building materials and
techniques
The houses were built using burnt bricks but some used
sun-dried bricks. The frames and doors of the buildings
were made using wood. The houses were constructed
using mud in the rural areas, and the homes in the urban
areas were made using baked bricks. Some residences
were multi-storied and had a courtyard.

20. "The building material for the villages and cities of the
IVC [Indus Valley Civilization] was predominantly mud
brick. Only in the Mature phase were baked bricks used
in quantity, especially for walls and floors exposed to
water (Possehl, 2002; Datta, 2001).

22. 4- Notable structures of indus
valley civilization
The Indus Valley civilization had more than 1000 cities
and settlements. These cities had well-structured
wastewater drainage systems, waste disposal systems,
and public granaries and baths. There were large walls
and citadels, but no evidence of monuments, palaces
and temples was found.

23. A- Dockyard
The excavated site of
Lothal is the only
port-town of the
Indus Valley Civilisation.
A metropolis with an
upper and a lower town
had in on
its northern side a basin
with vertical wall, inlet
and outlet channels which
has been identified as a tidal

24. B- great bath
The Great Bath is part of a
large citadel complex that
was found in the 1920s during
excavations of Mohenjo-daro,
one of the main centres
of the Indus civilization.
The bath is built of fine
brickwork and measures 897
square feet (83 square metres).
It is 8 feet (2.5 metres) lower
than the surrounding pavement.

25. C- granary
Granaries in the Indus Valley
Civilization were found in the
cities of Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro. As was the case with
other civilizations of the time,
the granaries were used to
store vital grains and other
foodstuffs.

26. D- Drainage
They had an advanced drainage
system. There were covered
drains on both sides of the
streets. The drains from the
houses were connected to
these drains on the streets,
which in turn were connected
to the main underground drain
finally leading the dirty
water out of the city.

27. 5- Art and symbols: seals and
pottery
Art. Indus Valley excavation sites have revealed a
number of distinct examples of the culture's art,
including sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, and
anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze,
and steatite—more commonly known as Soapstone.

29. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine
wheel- made wares, very few being hand-made. Plain
pottery is more common than painted ware. Plain
pottery is generally of red clay, with or without a fine red
or grey slip.