HOR 211 - 2. TOMATO, BRINJAL, CHILLI.pptx

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1. LECTURE 2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO, BRINJAL AND CHILLI By Dr.B.K.Savitha Asst.Prof (Hort.)

2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO Botanical name : Lycopersicon esculentum Family : Solanaceae Chromosome No : 2n = 24

3. Introduction Tropical vegetable Origin -Peru in the South America. “ love of apple’ or ‘love apple’,‘poor mans orange’ (Ascorbic acid 15 mg to 20 mg /100g edible portion). The fruit is a rich source of vitamin A (590 microgram / 100g) and C (27 mg/100g). The alkaloid present in tomato is called tamatin and the coloured pigment is called Lycopene . Lycopene content is high at 21 C.

4. Tomato belongs to the family solanaceae . The genus Lycopersicon differs from Solanum by the absence of spines and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal divisions. The genus Lycopersicon was divided into two sub genera. Eu lycopersicon . Erio persicon . Eu lycopersicon is characterized by red fruited edible species with carotenoid pigmentation and they are annuals. Cultivated tomato is included in this. The species included are 1. Cultivated tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum and. 2. Small fruited tomato- Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Eriopersicon is characterized by green fruited species , anthocyanin pigmentation. The species included are peruvianum , hirsutum , persicae and glandulosum , cheesmanii . Species:

5. Indeterminate : terminal buds ends with a leafy bud and continue it vegetative growth. Ex: Pusa ruby. Determinate fruits: terminal buds ends with floral bud and further its vegetative growth is checked and are called as Self topping or self pruning types. Ex. Pusa Early Dwarf Semi-determinate: have semi dwarf growth and it is between determinate and indeterminate. Number of nodes between two consecutive inflorescences will be around one. Ex: S-12, Roma. Growth habit

6. Climate Warm season vegetable Optimum temp 21-24°C >32°C-lycopene formation inhibited Soil Well drained fertile loamy soil pH 6.5-7.5 Acidic soil-liming Heavy soils-improper drainage-affects quality

7. Certain varieties like Pusa rubi, Pusa early dwarf, Marutham, Arka vital, Pusa 120, HS – 10, sweet 72, S-12, Co I are suitable for cultivation in plains. Varieties like Sioux, Best of all, Pusa early dwarf are suitable for hilly areas. Varieties like Roma and Punjab chuharra are suitable for processing. Varieties released by IIHR Arka Abha, Arka Abhizit, Arka Ahuthi, Arka Aloukik, Arka Meghali, Arka Sourab, Arka Sourab, Arka Srasika, Arka vartnan, Arka vikas, Arka visal. Choice of varieties

8. Pusa Sheetal: cold resistant variety Best of all: Mid season variety All-purpose variety -known as Pusa Gaurav IVRI -2 : variety developed from IVRI, Varanasi Floradade: it is a variety brought from Florida SL – 120 : resistant to nematode and released by IARI, New Delhi. S-12: Evolved by PAU, Luthiana, fruit round to flatish with persistant pedicel suitable for summer crop all over the India

9. Varieties released from TNAU CO1 Pureline selection isolated from ‘Pearl Harbour ’. Tropical plains of Tamil Nadu. Plants-dwarf, semi spreading. Flowering -50-55 DAT Fruits-round and smooth without any grooves.   Proportion of flesh to seed content is high Fruits are susceptible to cracking.   Fruits contain -0.69% acidity -17.5 mg/100g of ascorbic acid and -2.7 % reducing sugars   Yields -35 tonnes /ha in a crop duration of 135 days .

10. CO 2 Plants are semi-dwarf with erect habit Fruits are smooth, medium sized, flat with 4 to 5 furrows. Fruit weight -55 to 60 g.   Unripe fruits are green in colour that turn capsicum red after ripening.   Fruits are borne in clusters (4 to 5) 20 to 25 fruits per plant. Withstand long distance transport.   Duration-140 days Yield -41 tonnes /ha.   The fruit are nutritionally superior to CO 1 with a higher ascorbic acid content of 19.5 mg of 100 g juice.

11. CO 3 ( Marutham ) Plants-compact, small spread, dwarf and determinate.   High density planting (spacing of 60 x 30 cm) Fruits -round, globular in shape, medium sized, smooth, attractive Fruit weight 45 to 50 g Flowering -50 to 55 DAS and first harvest -30 days later   Fruits-parrot green colour when unripe and reach capsicum red on ripening   Each plant yields 30 to 40 fruits The variety is a cluster bearing type (4 to 5 per cluster). The fruits contain 3.8% acidity and 25 mg/100 g of Vitamin C.   Yield-40 t/ha Duration-100 to 105 days.

12. PKM 1 Induced mutant from a local variety called Annanji. Determinate plant Fruit-flat–round, attractive capsicum red colour with prominent green shoulders even after ripening   Fruits-uniform in shape, firm and ideal for long distance transport  Fruits contain 0.99% acidity and 23.7 mg/100g of Vitamin C   Yield-30 to 35 t/ha are typical in a crop duration of 135 days

13. Paiyur – 1 Hybrid derivative of Pusa Ruby x CO 3 Suitable for rainfed tomato growing areas of Salem and Dharmapuri districts.   Early flowering (20-25 days from transplanting) Extended harvest period of 10 to 12 pickings.   Fruits-round, medium sized, with a slight ribbing at the calyx and medium firmness, Ensures keeping quality and suitability for distant transport.   Tolerant to fruit borer and diseases such as leaf spot and leaf curl virus. Yields-30 tonnes /ha.

14. COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato Developed and released from HC & RI, Coimbatore.   Plants need staking with wooden sticks   Fruits -round to slightly oblong, medium sized (50 g/fruit), deep red in colour with thick flesh Borne in clusters of 4 to 5 Fruits are acidic (0.61%) Yield-96 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 110 - 115 days after transplanting  Adapted for cultivation in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Pudukkotai, Erode and Kanyakumari districts

15. COTH2 Hybrid Tomato : It is a hybrid between LCR 2 and CLN 2123A. It has resistance to leaf curl virus disease and without pesticide spray it recorded a yield of 90.2 t/ha under normal conditions. Fruits are smooth round to slightly oblong, medium sized; unripe fruits whitish green, ripe fruits bright red coloured and borne in clusters of 3-5.

16. TNAU Tomato Hybrid CO 3 It is a hybrid between HN 2 x CLN 2123A. Yields about 96.2 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 140-145 days. Plants are semi determinate (90-95 cm) and suitable for high density planting Fruits are smooth round, medium sized, and borne in clusters of   3-5. High yielding and resistant to leaf curl virus disease and moderately resistant to root knot nematode.

17. Tomato Hybrid CO 4 F1 hybrid of LE 1226 X LE 1249 . Yields about 92.3 tonnes/ha Hybrid has long harvesting period with 20-22 harvests in 150 days Fruits are flat round with thick pericarp (5.84 mm) High yielding and moderately resistant to root knot nematode.

18. Seed rate Varieties : 300-350 g / ha Hybrids : 100-150 g / ha Seed treatment Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g or Carbendazim 2 g per kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing. Just before sowing, treat the seeds with Azospirillum @ 40 g / 400 g of seeds. Sow in lines at 10 cm apart in raised nursery beds and cover with sand.

19. Nursery management Seed rate-300-500 g/ha 225 m2 nursery area-1 ha Nursery bed-1.2 m wide, 10 cm high & 7.5 cm long Fumigation-40% formalin/m2 FYM-3 kg/m2 +0.5 kg NPK Rows distance-7.5 cm Every week-fungicide spray-damping off

20. Protected nursery Prepare the nursery area of 3 cents with slanting slope of 2 % for the seedling production to cover 1 ha. Cover the nursery area with 50 % shade net and cover the sides using 40/50 mesh insect proof nylon net. Form raised beds of 1 m width and convenient length and place HDPV pipes at 2m interval for further protection with polythene sheets during rainy months. Mix sterilized cocopeat @ 300 kg with 5 kg neem cake along with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each @ 1 kg. Approximately 1.2 kg of cocopeat is required for filling one protray . 238 protrays (98 cells) are required for the production of 23,334 seedlings, which are required for one hectare adopting a spacing of 90 x 60 x 60 cm in paired row system.

21. CONT., Sow the treated seed in protrays @ one seed per cell . Cover the seed with cocopeat and keep the trays one above the other and cover with a polythene sheet till germination starts After six days, place the protrays with germinated seeds individually on the raised beds inside the shade net Water with rosecan everyday and drench with NPK 19:19:19 @ 0.5% (5g/l) at 18 days after sowing

22. Transplanting Within 25 to 30 days–Seedlings are ready for transplanting Indeterminate varieties/hybrids 60-120 cm x 45-75 cm Determinate varieties/ hybrids 45-60 cm x 30-45 cm

23. Weed management Pre-emergence applications of herbicides like metribuzin at 0.35 kg/ha, fluchloralin 1.25 kg/ha - effective to increase the tomato yield Plastic mulching (black or transparent) Mulching +use of herbicides (pendimethalin @ 0.75kg ai/ha or oxyflorophen @ 0.12kg ai/ha)

24. Water management Tomato is a deep rooted crop (120-150 cm ) It requires seven irrigations when 50 mm rainfall is received First irrigation at the time of transplanting 3- 4 days during summer and 10 -15 days in winter Irrigation through drip system resulted 43.4 % more yield and 78.4 % water saving as compared to furrow method of irrigation

25. Manuring Varieties / hybrids Fertilizer dose FYM (t/ha) N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha) Borax (kg/ha) ZnSO 4 (kg/ha) Varieties Basal Top dressing (30 DAP) 25 - 75 75 100 - 50 - 10 - 50 - Hybrids Basal Top dressing 30 DAP 45 DAP 60 DAP 25 - - - 50 50 50 50 250 - - - 100 50 50 50 10 - - - 50 - - -

26. Plant Growth Regulator Spray 1.25 ppm (625 ml in 500 litres of water) Triacontanol at 15 days after transplanting and at full bloom stage to increase the yield. Intercultural operations Staking : It is very essential for indeterminate group of varieties because it improves yield and quality of fruits. Stake the plants 30 days after planting with 1 - 1.5 m tall stakes. Training: Removal the side branches up to 20 cm from ground level. Micronutrient spray Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent thrice at 10 days interval from 40 days after planting. Spray 19:19:19 + Mn @ 1 % at 60 days after planting.

27. Blossom end Rot- Calcium deficiency Brown discoloration starts in blossom end of the fruit . Black spot develops to encompass ½ to 2/3 rd portion of the fruit. Later the tissues shrink and skin becomes dark grey to black . Secondary infection by fungus and unfit for consumption. Increase in level of N- Fall in level of Calcium Causes: use of Ammonium sulphate, imbalance of Mg & K; deficiency of calcium Remedies: cultural practices that concern soil moisture and maintain uniform moisture supply. Transplanting in early April instead of early June. Foliar spray of 0.5% CaCl 2 . Apply Nitrogen in the form of Urea.

28. Fruit cracking Occurs for middle of the May. Reduced transpiration has increased cell turgidity and contributed to tomato fruit cracking. Cracking also occurs in rainy season when rains fall in long dry spell. Presence of water on the surface of fruit is more conducive in cracking than high soil moisture. Boron deficiency in the soil also causes fruit cracking.

29. Cont., They are two types of cracking. i. Radial cracking: occurs mostly at ripe stage. ii. Concentric cracking: it is common in mature green stage. Remedies: use of resistant cultivars like Sioux, Punjab chuhara. Picking of the fruit before the full ripe stage. Soil application of Borax @ 10 – 15 kg per ha. Regulation of soil moisture. Misting (spray of cool water).

30. Puffiness Commonly known as hallowness. Tomato puffs, puffy tomatoes, puffs and pockets. Fruit become lighter in weight and partially filled. As the fruit reaches about 2/3 rd normal size outer wall continues to develop normally but remaining internal tissue growth is retarded. Very high or very low temperature and low soil moisture conditions will lead to puffiness.

31. Cat facing A large scar is formed at the blossom end portion of the fruit. Such fruits have ridges and furrows and blotches at blossom end . Reasons: low temperature, faulty pollination, application of nitrogen during transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. Remedies: balanced fertilizer application; regulation of temperature.

32. Sunscald When fruits and leaves are exposed to the sun, there is appearance of yellow, white patches on green and ripen fruits . These patches may have secondary infection of fungus and start rotting varieties with sparse foliage will suffer more sunscald especially in the month of May and June . Remedies: Prefer the varieties having more foliage and follow appropriate

33. Flower and fruit drop Higher incidence of flower and fruit drop is resulted because of fluctuations in temperature, poor water management and soil moisture. Remedies: good package of practices should be followed. Moisture stress should be avoided. Spraying of planofix or NAA @ 1 ml in 4.5 lt of water. Control of fluctuations in temperature.

34. Blotchy ripening: greenish yellow; maintain balance between Nitrogen and Potassic fertilizers. Bronzing or internal browning: also known as grey wall. Characterized by death of tissues with in the fruits associated by vascular browning variety EL 235673 is found resistant to this disorder. Green back: Stem and portion of the fruit turns green. At high temperature ripening is inhibited and green band is expected. Reduce temperature by artificial means.

35. Tomato Fruits Boron deficiency Fruits pitted and Corky areas in skin; ripening uneven

36. Heat stress symptoms Seedless fruit Small fruit may stay on the plant but not enlarge Blossoms fall off or turn brown fruit may be misshapen (as in cold stress) Flowers numerous, but small

37. Peducle Kinking Low light Cultivar • Too high temperatures during the vegetative phase

38. Harvesting and Yield The stage of maturity depends upon the purpose for which it is used Immature- Before seeds are fully developed Mature green -Light green changes to yellowish green Turning – ¼th of the blossom end surface turns pink (Breaker stage) Pink – ¾ th of the surface shows pink Hard ripe- Nearly all red or pink but flesh is firm Over ripe- Full coloured and soft On an average, a normal open pollinated varieties yields 30 -40 t/ ha whereas hybrids – 80-95 t/ ha

39. GRADING (Directorate of Marketing and Inspection ) US No.1 US combinations US No.2 US No.3 APEDA Specification of Export Quality Tomato Round medium size having 16- 30 fruits /kg-Premium grade. (KAU,2004 )

40. Pests and Disease Tomato-Pests Fruit borer Serpentine leaf miner Whitefly Nematode Tomato-Diseases Damping off Leaf spot Fusarial wilt and Root knot nematode Leaf curl Tomato spotted wilt virus

41. BRINJAL - Solanum melongena -Solanaceae

42. INTRODUCTION Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value. It is rich in minerals Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe. It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C. Bitterness in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids . Glycoalkaloids content vary from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. Purple variety has higher copper content and polyphenol oxidase activity Iron and catalase activity is the highest in the green cultivars. Amino acid content is higher in purple variety.

43. Native –Tropical India 3 Botanical varities - S.esculentum - egg shape ( fruit is long, round and oval ) - S.serpentinum - long slender type ( snake brinjal . Fruit is extra ordinarily long. Leaves are prickly) - S.depressum - dwarf type

44. Egg shape fruit -Pusa kranti. Pusa purple long (PPL): Long slender type Dwarf type Classification on the basis of fruit shape:

45. Classification on the basis of fruit colour: Purple brinjal : they have no anthocyanins . Eg : PPL. Green brinjal : more of chlorophyll. Eg : Arka kusumakar . Flowers 4 types - Long styled - Medium styled - Pseudo short styled - Short styled

46. Glycoalkaloid – Solanine Pigment – Anthocyanin Dark purple colour – vit c Dried fruits – vit B White colour – Diabetic patients 11 solanum spp classified 3 groups A - S.melongena ,S.incanum ,S.macrocarpum B - S.integrifolium,S.gilo,S.nodiforum C – S.indicum , S,mammosum , S.torvum.S sismbrifolium,S.toxicarium

47. CULTIVARS CULTIVAR FEATURES Pusa Purple Long All over india Pusa Purple Cluster Tolerant to bacterial wilt Jamuni Gole Autumn winter crop in Punjap BR 112 Haryana Type 3 Uttarpradesh Arka Kushumkar Mild climate of Southern India Arka Sheel Mild climate of Southern India Arka Shirish Mild climate of Southern India

48. Manjara Gota Maharashtra Bhagymati Andrapradesh ARU 2C Hiily regions , sutlej Ganga , Allluvial plains ,& Karnataka Mysore green Karnataka Annamalai Tamil Nadu ,resistant to aphids Pant Samarat All over india , tolerant to bacterial wilt NDB 25 Uttarpradesh Co 1 Southern districts of TN Co 2 Western zone of TN MDU 1 Tamil Nadu PKMI Southern zone of TN

49. CULTIVAR FEATURES Pusa Kranti All over india Pusa Bhairav Resistant to phomosis fruit rot Pusa Anupam Resistant to phomosis fruit rot Pusa Uttam Northen Plains, Guajarat , Maharashtra Pusa Bindu Northen Plains, Guajarat , Maharashtra PH 4 All over india Pb . Neelum All over india Pusa Hybrid 9 Maharashtra & Guajarat NDBH 1 Northern &central India

50. Pb . Barsati All over india Pb . Sadabahar Punjab Hisar Shymal Haryana Hisar Jamuni Haryana Pant Rituraj All over india Vaishali Maharashtra Pragati Maharashtra Arka Navneet Mild climate of southern india Pusa Hybrid 5 Northern central & southern states Pusa Hybrid 6 Northern &central India

51. PLR 1 North eastern zone of TN KKM1 Southern zone of TN NDBH 6 Maharashtra & Guajarat ABH 1 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS OF Northern &central India ABH 2 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS OF Northern &central India - S.Thamburaj,Narendra Singh (2001) ,Text book of vegetables , tuber crops ,& spices

52. TNAU RELESED VARIETIES CO 1 It is a pureline selection with crop duration of 160 days. Fruits are oblong and medium sized with pale green shade under a white background. Each fruit weighs on an average 50 - 60 g. The fruits are soft seeded even at full maturity and have good storage qualities.   20 to 25 t/ha and is preferred southern districts of TN

53. CO 2 Developed from the local variety ‘Varikatthari’ of Negamum,Coimbatore district through pureline selection. The fruits are slightly oblong with smooth calyx and dark purple stripes of different lengths and widths under a pale green background on the upper surface. The fruit storage quality is very good and is highly sort after in Coimbatore and Periyar districts of Tamil Nadu.    yields about 35 to 38 t/ha with a crop duration of 150 days.

54. MDU 1 The variety is a selection produced in Kallampati, near Madurai.   The variety is adaptable to the tropical plains of Tamil Nadu Fruits are round, bright purple in colour, large in size with each weighing about 280 g and a pulp to seed ratio of 9 to 8.  The purple colour fades to pale pink as the fruit matures. It has a yield potential of 30 - 34 t/ha in 135 – 145 days crop duration. . This variety is preferred in Madurai and Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu.

55. PKM 1 It is an induced mutant from a local type known as ‘Puzhuthi kathiri’.   The variety is drought tolerant and adapted to rainfed cultivation in Madurai and Dindugal districts.   The fruits are small and slightly oblong, ovate with green stripes and weight between 50 and 55g.  The fruit can withstand long distance transport and stores well at normal room temperature.    Yields are typically 35 t/ha with a duration of 150 to 155 days.

56. PLR 1 This variety is a reselection from Nagpur ecotype.  The variety can be grown in all seasons.  The fruits are small to medium in size, sometimes borne in clusters, egg shaped with bright glossy dark purple colour.  The fruit fetches a higher price than Annamalai variety in the markets of Cuddalore, Chenglepet and Chennai and has an extended shelf life of 8 to 10 days under ambient temperatures.  Yields on average 15 to 25 t/ha

57. KKM 1(Killikulam 1) This variety is a pureline selection from Kulathur local in Tirunelveli. It is suitable for cultivation both under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Tirunelveli district. The plants are compact with small to medium sized, milky white coloured, egg shaped fruits in clusters of 2 to 4 with a green calyx.   Yields are typically 36 to 37 t/ha over a 130 to 135 day cropping season. This variety has the best preference in Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

58. Annamalai The fruits are oblong, deep purple in colour with a characteristic yellowish mark along the calyx border and a few thorns on the surface of the calyx. The fruits are preferred in the Cuddalore, Villupuram, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai and Chengalpattu district and Chennai markets.  Yields are typically 20 to 22 t/ha.

59. PPI(B)1 The variety is a single line selection from Karungal local type, Vazhuthunangai.   The plant is medium spreading with lengthy pale green fruits, low in seed and not bitter in taste.  The variety is medium tolerant to brinjal shoot and fruit borer and wilt disease. Typical yields of 50 t/ha are produced in a fruiting period of 185 days.   The variety is suitable for cultivation during April-May, and Oct-Nov as a rain-fed or irrigated crop in Kanyakumari district.

60. COBH 1 Brinjal This variety is an F1 hybrid released from Horticultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore.   The fruits are medium sized, oblong shaped and dark violet in colour.     Yields of up to 56 t/ha can be obtained in a crop duration of120-130 days after transplanting.   April to December is the ideal season for cultivation of this variety and it is grown as an crop irrigated in Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Namakkal, Trichy, Karur, Dharmapuri and Tiruvannamalai districts.  Fruits possess high ascorbic acid content (16.65 mg/100g).

61. COBH 2 Brinjal F1 hybrid developed by crossing EP65xPusa Uttam. Medium sized, slightly oblong and glossy violet colour fruits. High ascorbic acid (16.5 mg/100g) Moderately tolerant to shoot and fruit borer s. Duration - 120-130 days. Yield - 58-60

62. VRM 1 Pureline selection, High yielding Spines on leaf, stem and calyx, Cluster bearing, Fruits oval in shape, glossy pink in colour with green tinge in the distal end Resistant to leaf spot, veriticilium wilt and epilachna beetle Duration - 140-150 days Yield - 40-45 t/ha

63. CULTIVATION SOILS - A well drained soil with medium to high fertility is best suited. - sandy soils for early crop production - clay loam for heavy production - Generally sandy-loam soils preferred - pH6.5-7.5

64. Climate - suceptible to severe frost - 21ºC - 27º C favourable - Day neutral plant - 21ºC - 30ºC optimum temp Light ,temperature ,nutritive factors had significant effects on chlorophyll content & stomatal density and length of GH grown egg plants - (Leonardi & Giuffrida ,1999)

65. Seasons It can be grown in plains throughout the year but rabi season is the best.   Rainy Season - May-June Winter Season - December - January Summer Season - February – March Warm season – luxureious growth & starts bearing from initial flowers Cool season – slow &fruit size , quality ,production adversely affected

66. NURSERY FYM mixed with nursery soil few days before sowing Drenched with captan (damping off) 200 - 300 g seeds for 1 Ha – 30000 – 45000 seedlings Transplantig 20-25 days after sowing - Choudhury et al ., 1991 season Seed sowing Transplanting Winter June July Summer Early Nov Jan – early Feb Rainy March April

67. Seed Treatment Treated with Gibberellins improved seed vigour & germination rate -(Si et al ., 1996) Treated with GR + subsequent application of insecticides - yield & control of fruit & shoot borer . - ( Choudhury & Saraf., 1996) Addition of Humic acid to the growing medium & foliar fertilizer – (+) ve effect on seedling growth -(Padem et al .,1999)

68. NURSERY

69. SPACING 60X 45 cm –Long fruited cultivars 90X 90 cm – Round &high yielding 45 X45 cm - Early & dwarf types 60X 45 ,60X 60 cm – semi vigorous Generally recommended – 60X45 cm 75X60 cm 75 X 75cm 90 X60 – High marketable yield –(Abutiate ,1998)

70. Manures and Fertilizers Varieties Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 50:50:30 kg/ ha. Top dressing : 50 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting or during earthing up. Hybrids Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 100:150:100 kg/ha . Top dressing : 100 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting or during earthing up.

71. IRRIGATION Trickle irrigation –yield high by treatment with 180 kg N /ha - (Jaime et al ., 1997) N,K,Ca content was found to be significantly reduced in plants – to flooding stress - (Jeevarani et al ., 1998) On Flooding – epinasty of leaves & stem hypertrophy -(Rani et al. , 1999) Saline water had an adverse effect on growth & development - (Ruggiero et al ., 1994 ) -( Sifola et al ., 1995)

72. WEED CONTROL ,MULCHING Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i / ha as pre-emergence herbicide, followed by hand weeding once at 30 days after planting. Reglone (diquat),Gramoxone (paraquat) are effectively controlled the weeds – (Doikova et al .,1980) Several herbicides application under transparent polythene reduced that weed growth & yield - (Gorske,1981 )

73. USE OF PGR Spray 2 ppm (1 ml in 500 lit) Triacontanol plus Sodium Borate or Borax 35 mg/l of water 15 days after transplanting and at the time of full bloom to increase the yield. NAA 60 ppm / BA 30 ppm - improve fruit set Root dipping 1 month old seedling in ascorbic acid ,GA3 , IAA – advances the flowering - ( Patil et al ., 1981)

74. Physiological disorder in Brinjal Poor fruit set: Due to presence of large number of pseudo short styled and short styled flowers and dropping of long and medium styled flowers. Remedy: 2,4-D (2 ppm) spray at flower initiating stage and NAA (60 ppm) spray at full bloom stage helps in fruit set.

75. HARVESTING & YIELD From 50th day onwards and continues for 50 days Seed Yield : 250 kg/ha Grades – Super ,Fancy, Commercial Early crop 20- 30 m t /ha Long duration crop 35- 40 m t /ha F1 hybrids 40- 80 m t /ha

76. POSTHARVEST & PACKING Fruit rot problem 200 ppm NAA + 900 ppm Prochloraz spray Stored for 7-10 days @ 7.2 - 10ºC with 85-95 % RH Individually wrapped in the tissue paper – arranged in cartons for export Wooden baskets for local market Alternative bulk packaging for storage was assessed by (Fallik et al .,1994) Fruits exposed 30ºC causes chiilling injury - (Fallik et al .,1994)

77. PLANT PROTECTION Pest Contorl measures Diseases Contorl measures Epilachana beetles Spray of Malathion 0.16% @ 3 ml per water of Methyl parathion 0.03% @ 1ml per lit.of water. @ 1ml per lit.of water. Early blight Spray with Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50 or Zineb 0.25%. Shoot and fruit Borer Carbaryl 50% @ 1.25 ml per lit of Water Little leaf Rouge out diseased plants. Spray any insecticide to control the vector.

78. PLANT PROTECTION Pest Contorl measures Diseases Contorl measures Mealy bug Malathion 0.15% @ 3 ml/lit of water Or Monocrotophaos @ 0.4% 1.25 ml lit of water. Mosaic Virus Rouge out diseased plants. Spray insecticides to control the vector. Brinjal mite Spray Wettable Sulphur @ 3 to 5 g/lit or Dicofol @ 2.7 ml/lit of water or dust. Sulphur @ 20 to 25 kg/ha.

79. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF CHILLI Chilli Capsicum annuum 2n = 24 Origin Mexico Family Solanaceae Pungent principle and pigment Capsaicin Capsanthin

80. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHILLIES Moisture - 85.7% Protein – 2.9g Minerals – 1.0 g Fibre – 6.8 g Calcium – 30 mg Magnesium – 24 mg

81. Contd…. Riboflavin – 0.39 mg Oxalic acid – 67 mg Copper – 1.55 mg Sulphur – 1.55 mg Vitamin A- 292 IU Vitamin C – 111 mg Vishnu and Swarap (2008)

82. SPECIES OF CHILLIES Capsicum baccatum Capsicum chinense

83. Capsicum chacoance Capsicum cardenasii

84. Capsicum frutescens Capsicum pubescens

85. Taxonomic characters of the five cultivated species of chillies Species Corolla colour Corolla shape Anther colour Seed colour Flowers per node C. annuum White Rotate Blue purple Tan 1 C. frutescens Greenish white Rotate Blue Tan 1 -3 C. chinense White to greenish white Rotate Blue Tan 1 – 5 C. baccatum White Rotate Yellow Tan 1 – 2 C. pubescens purple Rotate Purple Black 1 Hari har ram (2006)

86. HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF CHILLIES Smith et al. (1987) classified chilli cultivars on the basis of shape, colour and usage. I. Fruits large smooth, thick fleshed. Bell group – Fruit large, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, blocky, 3 – 4 lobed, square to rectangular, green when immature, red at maturity, mostly non pungent

87. Contd… Pimento group – fruit heart shaped, pointed, 3.75- 12.5 cm long, smooth , thick walled, non pungent. II. Fruit broad, smooth, thin walled. Ancho group – 10 -15 cm long fruits, heart shaped, sweet to medley pungent. Dark green turning red at maturity ( Mexican chilly) Turning brown at maturity

88. Contd… III. Pods long, slender A. Anaheim chilli group : ( long green or long red chilli) – Medium to dark green, smooth, flesh medium thick 1. Moderately pungent to sweet – New Mexico 2. Mildly pungent – Mild California 3. Slightly pungent – Mild California 4. Non pungent – paprika

89. IV. Fruit elongated to 7.5 cm long, green when immature Jalapeno group - fruit 3.75 – 5 cm wide, 5- 7.5 cm long, rounded cylindrical shape, thick walled, dark green, smooth. Serrano group – slender, cylindrical, highly pungent. Small hot group – fruit slender, medium to thin walled, 7.5 cm long, highly pungent

90. Contd… Cayenne group – fruit slender, medium green, wrinkled and irregular in shape, thin walled and highly pungent Mature fruit red ( Italian E1) V. Fruit small to 5 cm, globular to oblate, thick flesh Cherry group Non – pungent – (Sweet cherry) Pungent – ( Large red cherry)

91. Contd… VI. Fruit yellow when mature Small wax group – Fruit 7.5 cm long or less in length 1. Pungent ( Calora) 2. Non pungent ( Rio grande gold) Long wax group – 8.8 cm in length or more, pointed 1. Pungent – ( Hungarian yellow wax) 2. Non pungent – (Sweet banana)

92. Contd… VII. Fruit slender, yellow turning red at maturity, 2.5 – 3.75 cm, highly pungent, Capsicum frutescens. A. Tobasco group

93. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS Tropical and subtropical 2000 m altitudes – India ( Joshi and Singh, 1975) Warm humid climate – growth Warm dry weather – Fruit maturity Rainfed – 850 to 1200mm Heavy rainfall and high RH – poor fruit set, rotting

94. Contd…. Temperature – 20 to 30 o C Soil temperature – 17 o C Fruit development affected at 37.8 o C or more (Pollard, 1999) High night temperature responsible for high capsaicin content ( Ohta, 1962) Day length of 9 to 10 hours light – growth and high productivity ( Egovora, 1975)

95. Soil conditions Well drained, aerated and rich in organic matter Poor drained soils – leaf shedding and fruit drop due to water logging Ideal soil – light loamy or sandy loam rich in lime and organic matter Black soil suitable for rainfed conditions

96. Zones Varieties Districts Northern zone PLR - 1 Cuddalore, Villupuram, Kancheepuram, Southern zone PKM - 1 Ramanathapuram, Kanyakumari, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli Central South K1, K2 Madurai, Virudunagar, Paramakudi Western CO.4 - Vegetable Co.1, CO.2 & CO.3 Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore Central K1, K2 Tiruchi, Salem, Karur Choice of varieties

97. Choice of variety Samba type Gundu type K-1, K-2, CO1,G4, Pusa Jwala, Pant C-1,Pant C-2, PKM-1, CO3,Pusa Sadabahar, Jawahar 218, Punjab Lal, CO-2, G-5,PMK-1, PLR-1,CO-4

98.   Varieties Years Parentage Duration (days) Yield (kg/ha) K1 1964 Selection from B 72A 200 - 210 1.6 - 1.7 K2 1975 Cross between K1 and Sathur samba 210 1.8 CO1 1977 Reselection from Sathur samba 200 - 210 2.1 CO3 1991 Selection from Sri Lankan type 165 3.5 CO4 1999 Pure line selection from Sri Lankan type 210 2.0 PKM-1 1990 Multiple cross selection from AC 1797 and CO1 180 3.0 - 3.2 MDU 1 1975 Irradiation of seeds of K1 by gamma rays 210 1.9 Gundu type         G5 1972 Derivative G29 x 1331 210 1.7 CO2 1981 Selection from Nambiyur Local 200 - 216 2.1 PKM1 1990 Derivative CO2 x Ramanathapuram Gundu 210 2.3 PLR 1 1994 Pure line selection (CA(Q)8) Kadangadu type 180 - 216 18.4 Characteristics of important varieties released in Tamil nadu

99. Seed rate Varieties: 1.0 kg / ha. Hybrids: 200 - 250 g / ha. Nursery area: 100 sq.m / ha.

100. Nursery management Nursery area- 100 sq.m / ha Season – May – July Seeds - Trichoderma viride @4g/Kg or Thiram / captan @ 2-3g/kg of seeds.

101. Nutritional requirements Basal Top dressing Chilli – Variety 30:60:30 30 kg N on 30, 60 and 90 DAP. Hybrids 120:80:80 Capsicum - Variety 40:60:30 40 kg N on 30, 60 and 90DAP. Hybrids 250:150:150 Paprika - 60:100:60 20:0:20 kg on 3 rd week of planting 40:0:40 kg on 6 th week of planting

102. Inter-cultural operation PGR: On 20 th , 40 th , 60 th and 80 th day of transplanting, triacontanol 1.25 ppm (2.5 ml of Vipul dissolved in 10 lit. of water) Fruit set- as well as to reduce flower and fruit drop, 10 ppm and 50ppm of NAA -60 and 90 DAP. Weed management: Spray Fluchloralin @ 1 lit a.i /ha or Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i / ha. or Oxyflourfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ./ha as pre-emergence herbicide and may be combined with hand weeding once and earthing up 45 days after planting. Raise intercrop of onion in paired row system to get additional income.

103. Physiological Disorder in Chilli Blossom – end rot: Water-soaked spots appear on the blossom end of the fruit. Cause: Heavy irrigation after a dry spell Heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizer. Remedy: Avoid heavy dose of nitrogenous fertilizer Soil should have good water-holding capacity.

104. Flower and fruit drop: Low humidity and high temperature resulting in moisture stress which leads to abscission of buds, flowers and small fruits. Remedy: Foliar application -50 ppm NAA - full bloom stage. Foliar application -20 ppm NAA at first flower opening followed by two sprays at an interval of 30 days increases fruit set. Application of Triacontanol ( vipul 1 ml / 2 l water) also reduces flower and fruit drop.

105. Crop Stage Possible pests Vegetative stage Seedling Root grub, Mites, Aphids, Thirps. Branching Thrips, Mites, Aphids, Ragi cut worm. Reproductive Stage Flowering Thrips, Mites, Aphids, Cutworm. Fruiting Fruit borers (Spodoptera litura) Gram caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera) Insects at Different Crop Stages

106. Stages of the crop Common Name Major Diseases Scientific Name Seedling Damping off Pythium aphanidermatum Vegetative Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora capsici   Minor diseases   Vegetative Fusarium wilt Fusarium solani Vegetative Verticillium wilt Verticillium sp. Vegetative Root rot Sclerotium rolfsii Vegetative Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica Vegetative Leaf blight Phytophthora nicotianae Vegetative Choanephora blight Choanephora cucurbitarum Vegetative Downy mildew Peronospora tabacina Vegetative Fruit rot Alternaria solani Vegetative Bacterial soft rot Erwinia carotovora Vegetative Leaf curl Tobacco leaf curl virus Vegetative Tobacco mosaic Tobacco mosaic virus Vegetative Tomato mosaic Tomato mosaic virus Vegetative Potato virus 'X' disease Potato virus X Vegetative Potato virus 'Y' disease Potato virus Y Vegetative Cucumber mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus Diseases of chillies

107. Maturity Indices Green chilli -fully matured green fruits have to be harvested and immature fruits should not be disturbed. Dry chilli -fully ripe pods have to be harvested and dried in the sunlight

108. Harvesting First harvest is usually picked green to stimulate further flushes of flowering and fruit setting. Thereafter ripe or nearly ripe fruits are harvested at fortnightly intervals. Number of pickings varies from 6 to 10 spread over a period of 3-5 months. Fruits along with peduncles are severed gently from the plants and gathered into baskets. In warm weather, early crop varieties mature in 3-4 months, most other crop varieties require 4-5 months.

109. Varieties : 2 - 3 t/ha of dry pods or 10 - 15 t/ha of green chillies. Hybrids : 5-6 t/ha of dry pods or 25 t / ha of green chillies. Seed Yield : 350-400 kg/ha Yield

110. Storage and Drying Green chillies fruits can be stored in good condition for atleast 40 days at 0 o C (32 o F) temperature with 95-98% relative humidity in gunny bags. Moisture content 11.0 - 12.9% - High colour 9% - Low colour < 7% - Pale colour

111. S.No . Particulars Crop Tomato Brinjal Chilli 1 Botanical Name   S.esculentum   S.melongena   C.annuum 2 Family   Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae 3 Origin  Peru in S.America  India  Mexico 4 Soil  Sandy loamy soil  Sandy loamy soil  Sandy loamy soil 5 Climate  25-30 C 25-30 C 25-30 C 6 Seed rate   300-350 g/ha ( Var ) 100-150 g/ha ( Hyb ) 200 g/ha ( Var ) 400 g/ha ( Hyb )   200-250 g/ha ( Var ) 1 kg /ha ( Hyb ) 7 Spacing   60 x 45 cm ( Var ) 90 x 75 cm ( Hyb )  60 x 60 cm ( Var ) 90 x 60 cm ( Hyb )    60 x 45 cm ( Var ) 75 x 60 cm ( Hyb ) A Glimpse…of Lec.2

112. S.No . Particulars Crop Tomato Brinjal Chilli 8 Manures   150:100:50 kg/ ha ( Var ) 200:250:250 kg/ha ( Hyb )   100:50:30 kg/ ha ( Var ) 100:150:100 kg/ha ( Hyb ) 30:60:30 kg/ ha ( Var ) 120:80:80 kg/ha ( Hyb ) 9 PGR   Triacontanol @ 1.25 PPM   Triacontanol @ 2 PPM     Triacontanol @ 1.25 PPM 10 Physiological Disorder BER, Fruit Cracking, Puffiness, Sunscald, Green back Poor fruit set Blossom – end rot, Flower and Fruit drop 11 Yield 30 -40 t/ha ( Var ) 65-80t/ha ( Hyb )   25-30 t/ha ( Var ) 45-50t/ha ( Hyb ) 10 - 15 t/ha of green chillies ( Var ) 25 t / ha of green chillies ( Hyb ) 12 Seed Yield  100-120 kg/ha  250 kg/ha  350-400 kg/ha 13 Important Pest and disease  Fruit borer,TLCV , Spotted wilt virus  FSB, Epilachna beetle, Bacterial wilt Chilli leaf curl virus, Anthracnose

113. Thank you