Hormonal cordination in animals

CBSE 10-Biology chapter 7

1. CLASS 10 CBSE SCIENCE CHAPTER- 7 CONTROL AND COORDINATION PART- 3 CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN ANIMALS Presented by, SARANYA D SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER Learn with SARO 1

2. INTRO We have seen the neural coordination in animals, that provides rapid point to point coordination among organs. neural coordination is fast but short-lived nerve fibres do not innervate all cells of the body cells cannot continually create and transmit electrical impulses So, a special kind of coordination and regulation has to be provided most multicellular organisms use another means of communication called chemical communication The neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body Learn with SARO 2

3. Cntd ., Endocrine glands are stimulated to produce chemicals (Hormones called chemical messengers) Ductless glands (lacks duct) Secretes the hormones in to the blood stream They are synthesized at places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action (carried through blood vessels) Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts Learn with SARO 3

4. HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Learn with SARO 4

5. 1. Hypothalamus contains several groups of neuro -secretory cells called nuclei which produce hormones These hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones. Learn with SARO 5

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8. Pituitary Hormones Master Gland Role Growth hormone Involved in growth (high GH- Gigantism , low GH- Dwarfism ) Prolactin regulates the growth of the mammary glands and formation of milk in them Thyroid stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland Adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex Luteinizing hormone IN MALES: stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called androgens from testis IN FEMALES: induces ovulation of fully mature follicles ( graafian follicles) and maintains the corpus luteum Follicle stimulating hormone IN MALES: FSH and androgens regulate spermatogenesis IN FEMALES: growth and development of the ovarian follicles Oxytosin contraction of uterus at the time of child birth, and milk ejection from the mammary gland Antidiuretic or vasopressin Stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine Learn with SARO 8

9. 3 . Pineal gland secretes a hormone called melatonin . Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body. For example, it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle , body temperature. In addition, melatonin also influences metabolism, pigmentation, the menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability Learn with SARO 9

10. 4. Thyroid gland thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3 ). Thyroxine - regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid . Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called goitre . Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of the growing baby leading to stunted growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf- mutism , etc. In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular. Learn with SARO 10

11. 5. Parathyroid hormone parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ions. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood. PTH acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/ demineralisation ). PTH also stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal tubules and increases Ca2+ absorption from the digested food . It is, thus, clear that PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the blood Ca2+ levels Learn with SARO 11

12. 6 . Thymus gland The thymus gland is a lobular structure located on the dorsal side of the heart and the aorta . The thymus plays a major role in the development of the immune system . This gland secretes the peptide hormones called thymosins . Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes , which provide cell-mediated immunity. In addition, thymosins also promote production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity . Thymus is degenerated in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins . As a result, the immune responses of old persons become weak . Learn with SARO 12

13. 7. Adrenal Gland-Adrenaline ( emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight ) Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each kidney. The gland is composed of two types of tissues. The centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla, and outside this lies the adrenal cortex The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to stress of any kind and during emergency situations These hormones increase alertness , pupilary dilation, piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating etc. Both the hormones increase the heart beat, the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration. also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood . In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins . Learn with SARO 13

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15. when animals are in a scary situation? Their bodies have to prepare for either fighting or running away. Both are very complicated activities that will use a great deal of energy in controlled ways. Many different tissue types will be used and their activities integrated together in these actions. This is achieved by, Adrenaline hormone secreted directly into the blood and carried to different parts of the body. The target organs or the specific tissues on which it acts include the heart. As a result, the heart beats faster resulting in supply of more oxygen to our muscles The blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to contraction of muscles around small arteries in these organs This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles The breathing rate also increases because of the contractions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles All these responses together enable the animal body to be ready to deal with the situation. Learn with SARO 15

16. 8. Pancreas The two main types of cells in the Islet of Langerhans are called α-cells and β-cells . The α-cells secrete a hormone called glucagon, while the β-cells secrete insulin. Glycogen Glucose resulting in an increased blood sugar ( hyperglycemia ) Insulin enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. Glucose Glycogon Responsible for the cells to uptake glucose thus, to produce energy (ATP molecules) As a result, there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to hepatocytes (liver cells) and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood glucose levels ( hypoglycemia ). Learn with SARO 16 Insulin Glucogon

17. 8.Testis-Testosterone The Leydig cells or interstitial cells produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone (Androgen). regulate the development, maturation and functions of the male accessory sex organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra etc. stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc. Androgen play a major stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis ( formation of spermatozoa ). Androgen act on the central neural system and influence the male sexual behaviour . These hormones produce anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Learn with SARO 17

18. 10.Ovary Ovary is the primary female sex organ which produces one ovum during each menstrual cycle. In addition, ovary also produces two groups of steroid hormones called estrogen and progesterone . The estrogen is synthesised and secreted mainly by the growing ovarian follicles. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is converted to a structure called corpus luteum , which secretes mainly progesterone. Estrogens- stimulation of growth and activities of female secondary sex organs, development of growing ovarian follicles, appearance of female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice, etc.), mammary gland development. A lso regulate female sexual behaviour . Progesterone acts on the mammary glands and stimulates the formation of alveoli (sac-like structures which store milk) and milk secretion and supports pregnancy . Learn with SARO 18

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