Horticultural practices in vegetable crops

Horticultural practices likes as pruning, training, staking, mulching, PGRs and pollination found effective for achieving significant higher yield with improved quality.

1. Navsari Agricultural University, NavsariNavsari Agricultural University, Navsari
Special Horticultural Practices for Vegetable crops
under Protected cultivation
Seminar on
Speaker
Parmar Manishkumar N.
Reg. no. 2020217018
M. Sc.(Horti) Vegetable Science
MINOR GUIDE:
Dr. A. K. Pandey
Assistant Professor
Department of Fruit Science,
ACHF, NAU, Navsari-396 450
MINOR GUIDE:
Dr. A. K. Pandey
Assistant Professor
Department of Fruit Science,
ACHF, NAU, Navsari-396 450
Speaker
Parmar Manishkumar N.
Reg. no. 2020217018
M. Sc.(Horti) Vegetable Science
MAJOR GUIDE:
Dr. S. Y. Patel
Assistant Professor
Department of Vegetable Science
ACHF, NAU, Navsari-396 450
MAJOR GUIDE:
Dr. S. Y. Patel
Assistant Professor
Department of Vegetable Science
ACHF, NAU, Navsari-396 450

2. Seminar outline
Introduction
What is protected cultivation?
Need of protected cultivation.
Special horticultural practices & its purpose
Research work
Conclusion
1

3. Indiaisthesecondlargestproducerofvegetablecropsinthe
world.However,itsvegetableproductionismuchlessthanthe
requirement,ifbalanceddietisprovidedtoeveryindividual.
Availability-210
g/capita/day
Availability-210
g/capita/day
Requirement-300
g/capita/day
120 g green
vegetables
120 g green
vegetables
ICMR RECOMMENDATIONICMR RECOMMENDATION
90 g other
vegetables
2
90 g of leafy
vegetables
90 g of leafy
vegetables

4. Production share of major vegetable crops in
India during year 2017
Production share of major vegetable crops in
India during year 2017
Sr. No Crop Area
(ha)
Production
(mt)
1 Potato 2179 48605
2 Onion 1306 22427
3 Tomato 797 20708
4 Brinjal 733 12510
5 Cauliflower454 8557
27%25%
1
2
3
4
5 Cauliflower454 8557
6 Cabbage 395 8807
7 Okra 507 6003
8 Peas 530 5345
9 Cucumber 74 1142
10Other vegetable3263 44068
Source:NationalHorticultureBoard2017Source:NationalHorticultureBoard2017
3
12%
12%7%
5%
5%
3%
3%
1%
5
6
7
8
9
10

5. State wise area ofprotectedcultivationState wise area ofprotectedcultivation
SN State Area (ha)
1 Chhattisgarh11405.73
2 Maharashtra9126.23
3 UttarPradesh 6937.4
4 Gujarat 6924.42
5 Karnataka 4115.7
6 Andhra Pradesh2835.29
19%
2%
2%
1%
18%
Chart Title
1
2
3
4
5
6
6 Andhra Pradesh2835.29
7 Haryana 2073.36
8 Jharkhand 1900.15
9 Punjab 991.02
10 Tamilnadu 975.85
11 WestBengal 806.44
12 Other states10566.02
Source :National Horticulture Board, 2013Source :National Horticulture Board, 2013
4
16%
12%
12%
7%
5%
3%
3%
2%
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

6. Why protected cultivation?Why protected cultivation?
Inthechangingscenarioofincreasing
population,decreasingcultivableland/water
resources,increasingurbanization/industrializationthere
isneedtoproducemorefromavailableresources.
Further,withglobalizationofmarketsandglobal
climatechange,greenhousecultivationofhighvalue
cropshasemergedastheonlytopmostimportant
technologyforensuringhighproductivity,improved
quality,lucrativereturnandcontinuesupply.
Inthechangingscenarioofincreasing
population,decreasingcultivableland/water
resources,increasingurbanization/industrializationthere
isneedtoproducemorefromavailableresources.
Further,withglobalizationofmarketsandglobal
climatechange,greenhousecultivationofhighvalue
cropshasemergedastheonlytopmostimportant
technologyforensuringhighproductivity,improved
quality,lucrativereturnandcontinuesupply.
5

7. What is Protected cultivation?
Protectedcultivationcanbedefinedasacropping
techniquewhereinthemicroenvironmentsurrounding
theplantbodyiscontrolledpartially/fullyasperplant
needduringtheirperiodofgrowthtomaximizethe
yieldandresourcesaving.
Theyaredifferenttypeofprotectedstructure:
Polyhouse
Glasshouse
Nethouse
Plasticlowtunnel
Protectedcultivationcanbedefinedasacropping
techniquewhereinthemicroenvironmentsurrounding
theplantbodyiscontrolledpartially/fullyasperplant
needduringtheirperiodofgrowthtomaximizethe
yieldandresourcesaving.
Theyaredifferenttypeofprotectedstructure:
Polyhouse
Glasshouse
Nethouse
Plasticlowtunnel
6

8. Medium cost or partially
climate
control poly house
Low cost or naturally
ventilated poly house
Medium cost or partially
climate
control poly house
High cost or fully
climate controlled
poly-house
7

9. Glass house
Net houseNet house
Plastic low tunnel
8

10. Suitability of potential crops under different
structure in India
Suitability of potential crops under different
structure in India
Structure/ Greenhouse
Design
Vegetable Remarks
Modified naturally
ventilated
Tomato and Cherrytomato 8-10 months
(plains and low hills)
Bell paper
(green and coloured)
8-10 months
(plains and low hills
Parthenocarpic Cucumber10 months (3 crops)(plains
and low hills)
Parthenocarpic Cucumber10 months (3 crops)(plains
and low hills)
Plasticlow tunnel Cucurbits Winter (off-season)
Insect-proofnet housesSolanaceous crops and
Okra
Rainy-Autumn season
virus/vectorfree
(plains and low hills)
Shade net houses
Fenugreek and Coriander 25-75 %
(wider application)
Early cauliflower 25-50 % (June-sept)
(plains and low hills)
9

11. Benefits of greenhouse technologyBenefits of greenhouse technology
1.1.•Higher yield.
2.2.•Cultivation is possible under extreme climatic condition.
3.3.•Suitable forbiotechnologyand genetic engineering.
4.
3.
4.4.•Easier plant protection.
5.5.
•Production of high value, low volume horticulture crops.
6.6.
•Generate self-employment for the educated rural youth in
the farm sector.
7.7.•Production of healthy planting material.
10

12. Limitations of protected cultivationLimitations of protected cultivation
11
•Standardization of greenhouse and other structure design for
different agro-climatic region of the country are still require
improvement.
2.2.
•Expensive, short life and not easy availability of cladding
materials.
3.3.•Lack of appropriate tools and machinery.
11
3.3.•Lack of appropriate tools and machinery.
4.4.
•Structure cost initially looks unaffordable. Farmers with zero risk
affordability do not come forward to adopt it.
5.5.•Lack of major research program on protected vegetable farming.
6.6.•Require trained labour.
7.7.•Initial cost is very high.

13. Training & pruning
De suckering
Staking
Topping
Pollination
Mulching
Special horticultural practicesSpecial horticultural practices
Regulation of plant
growth through PGRs
Fruit thinning
Soil sterilization
De leafing
Pollination
12

14. Training
AllowingPlanttogrowoverdifferentstructuresand
grooming/trimmingtheminrespecttogivethemthespecific
shapeandstructure.
Sothattheycanbeartheheavyloadofthefruitsandproduce
qualityharvest.
Remove excess growth
Force plants to give desired/ certain shape.
Minimize direct contact with the soil.
Maximum use of resources.
Easy intercultural operation.
AllowingPlanttogrowoverdifferentstructuresand
grooming/trimmingtheminrespecttogivethemthespecific
shapeandstructure.
Sothattheycanbeartheheavyloadofthefruitsandproduce
qualityharvest.
Remove excess growth
Force plants to give desired/ certain shape.
Minimize direct contact with the soil.
Maximum use of resources.
Easy intercultural operation.
Objective:
13

15. Improve growth and expand fruiting area.
Increase yield.
None or less contact with soil.
Cleaner harvest.
Easy intercultural operation.
Benefits of training
Crops Methodof training
Tomato
Single stemtraining, Two stem training, Three stem
training
CapsicumTwo leader system, Fourleader system
Cucumber V-system,Umbrella system, Single stem training
14

16. PruningPruning
Tomatocroprequirepruningofalllateralbranches.
Pruningmustbedoneonafrequentschedule(every3to4
days).
Careshouldbetakentoremoveonlysuckersandnotthe
mainterminalbud.
Pruningisdoneearlyinthedaywhenplantsareturgid.
Thepruningtimeshouldbeusedtoinspectplantsfor
obviousproblemssuchasdisease,nutritional
deficiencies,insectsetc.
Allprunedplantmaterialshouldbeplacedinacontainerand
removedfromthegreenhouse.
Tomatocroprequirepruningofalllateralbranches.
Pruningmustbedoneonafrequentschedule(every3to4
days).
Careshouldbetakentoremoveonlysuckersandnotthe
mainterminalbud.
Pruningisdoneearlyinthedaywhenplantsareturgid.
Thepruningtimeshouldbeusedtoinspectplantsfor
obviousproblemssuchasdisease,nutritional
deficiencies,insectsetc.
Allprunedplantmaterialshouldbeplacedinacontainerand
removedfromthegreenhouse.
15

17. • V-System :
The main stem is allowed to grow along the supporting
string and the growing point is removed at the 6
th
leaf
stage.
•The two emerging lateral branches are trained into V
shape on the overhead wire.
• V-System :
The main stem is allowed to grow along the supporting
string and the growing point is removed at the 6
th
leaf
stage.
•The two emerging lateral branches are trained into V
shape on the overhead wire.
Umbrella system :
Themainstemisallowedtogrowverticallyalongthe
supportingstringuptotheoverheadwire.
Theapicalbudisremovedandtwohealthybranchesat
topofwireallowedtogrowalongthewirefoeabout15
cmandtrainedtodownward.
Umbrella system :
Themainstemisallowedtogrowverticallyalongthe
supportingstringuptotheoverheadwire.
Theapicalbudisremovedandtwohealthybranchesat
topofwireallowedtogrowalongthewirefoeabout15
cmandtrainedtodownward.
Umbrella system :
Themainstemisallowedtogrowverticallyalongthe
supportingstringuptotheoverheadwire.
Theapicalbudisremovedandtwohealthybranchesat
topofwireallowedtogrowalongthewirefoeabout15
cmandtrainedtodownward.
Umbrella system :
Themainstemisallowedtogrowverticallyalongthe
supportingstringuptotheoverheadwire.
Theapicalbudisremovedandtwohealthybranchesat
topofwireallowedtogrowalongthewirefoeabout15
cmandtrainedtodownward.
Single stem system :
The main stem is allowed to grow vertically along the
supporting string toward the overhead wire as in the
case of umbrella system.
when plant reaches the overhead wire, whole vine is
lowered and trained to move downward.
Single stem system :
The main stem is allowed to grow vertically along the
supporting string toward the overhead wire as in the
case of umbrella system.
when plant reaches the overhead wire, whole vine is
lowered and trained to move downward.
16

18. Development process of training system of cucumber
17

19. Single stem training in tomato :
Singlemainstemshouldberetainedinthetomatocrop
byremovingallsideshootsorsuckers.
Plantsaresupportedbyplasticorbindertwine,loosely
anchoredonthebaseoftheplantswiththehelpof
plasticclips.
Single stem training in tomato :
Singlemainstemshouldberetainedinthetomatocrop
byremovingallsideshootsorsuckers.
Plantsaresupportedbyplasticorbindertwine,loosely
anchoredonthebaseoftheplantswiththehelpof
plasticclips.
Two leader system of training in capsicum:
Inthissystemoftrainingtwomainshootsare
maintainedasaleadersaftertopping.
Sideshootsarepinchedafteroneortwopairsofleaves,
generallyonefruitiskeptpersideshoot.
Two leader system of training in capsicum:
Inthissystemoftrainingtwomainshootsare
maintainedasaleadersaftertopping.
Sideshootsarepinchedafteroneortwopairsofleaves,
generallyonefruitiskeptpersideshoot.
Two leader system of training in capsicum:
Inthissystemoftrainingtwomainshootsare
maintainedasaleadersaftertopping.
Sideshootsarepinchedafteroneortwopairsofleaves,
generallyonefruitiskeptpersideshoot.
Two leader system of training in capsicum:
Inthissystemoftrainingtwomainshootsare
maintainedasaleadersaftertopping.
Sideshootsarepinchedafteroneortwopairsofleaves,
generallyonefruitiskeptpersideshoot.
Four-leader system of training of capsicum:
In this system of training four main shoots are
maintained as a leaders after topping.
Side shoots are pinched after one or two pairs of
leaves, generally one fruit is kept per side shoot.
Four-leader system of training of capsicum:
In this system of training four main shoots are
maintained as a leaders after topping.
Side shoots are pinched after one or two pairs of
leaves, generally one fruit is kept per side shoot.
18

20. Training plant into four leader system
19

21. Mulching
Mulchingisdonetocover
thesoilaroundplantswitha
protectivematerial,which
maybeorganicorsynthetic.
Itreducesevaporationof
waterfromthesoil.
Preventscompactionofthe
soilsurface.
Itpreventstheleachingof
fertilizer.
Itsuppresstheweed
growth.
Mulchingisdonetocover
thesoilaroundplantswitha
protectivematerial,which
maybeorganicorsynthetic.
Itreducesevaporationof
waterfromthesoil.
Preventscompactionofthe
soilsurface.
Itpreventstheleachingof
fertilizer.
Itsuppresstheweed
growth.
20

22. Different type of mulching materials
Organic mulch Inorganic mulch
Example:
Leaves
Saw dust
Transparent
polyethylene mulch
•Raisethesoil
temperature
•suppressionoflatent
heatlossthrough
evaporation
•Raisethesoil
temperature
•suppressionoflatent
heatlossthrough
evaporation
Black polyethylene
film
•Itgiveseffectiveweed
controlbycutting
downsolarradiation
bymorethan90%.
•Itgiveseffectiveweed
controlbycutting
downsolarradiation
bymorethan90%.
Silver polyethylene
film
•Itsuppressthe
increaseinsoil
temperatureandto
controlpestsand
diseases.
•Itsuppressthe
increaseinsoil
temperatureandto
controlpestsand
diseases.
21

23. POLLINATION
Inthegreen­house,windisnotstrongenoughto
shaketheflowerssufficientlytotransferthepollen.
Theoptimumtemperatureforpollinationiswithin
therange21to27°C.
Optimumrelativehumidityis70percent.Above80
percentrelativehumidity,pollengrainsarenot
dispersedwell.
Differentmethodsareusedforeffective
pollinationandgoodqualityyield.
1.Handpollination
2.Batteryoperatedvibrator
3.Airblowers
4.Bumblebees
Inthegreen­house,windisnotstrongenoughto
shaketheflowerssufficientlytotransferthepollen.
Theoptimumtemperatureforpollinationiswithin
therange21to27°C.
Optimumrelativehumidityis70percent.Above80
percentrelativehumidity,pollengrainsarenot
dispersedwell.
Differentmethodsareusedforeffective
pollinationandgoodqualityyield.
1.Handpollination
2.Batteryoperatedvibrator
3.Airblowers
4.Bumblebees
22

24. Hand pollination :
Inthismethodpaintbrushisgentlyrubbedonflower
clusters.
Example:Muskmelon
Hand pollination :
Inthismethodpaintbrushisgentlyrubbedonflower
clusters.
Example:Muskmelon
Battery operated vibrator :
Greenhousetomatogrowersshoulduseanelectricpollinator
toensuregoodfruitset.
Battery operated vibrator :
Greenhousetomatogrowersshoulduseanelectricpollinator
toensuregoodfruitset.
Battery operated vibrator :
Greenhousetomatogrowersshoulduseanelectricpollinator
toensuregoodfruitset.
Battery operated vibrator :
Greenhousetomatogrowersshoulduseanelectricpollinator
toensuregoodfruitset.
Air blowers :
Ittakehalfthetimetopollinatethesamenumberofplants
comparedtoelectricvibrator.
In general, 5 % reduction in yield if you use this device.
Air blowers :
Ittakehalfthetimetopollinatethesamenumberofplants
comparedtoelectricvibrator.
In general, 5 % reduction in yield if you use this device.
Bumble bees :
Bumble bees are excellent pollinators for greenhouse tomato.
Estimated that each bee can pollinate up to350flowers.
Bumble bees :
Bumble bees are excellent pollinators for greenhouse tomato.
Estimated that each bee can pollinate up to350flowers.
23

25. De-leafing
Whenleavesofvinestouch
thegroundareremovedto
preventdiseasesdevelopment.
Theamountofde-leafingthat
occurshigheruptheplant
variesbetweengrowers.
Thepurposeofde-leafing
higheruptheplantstemisto
increaselightpenetrationand
aircirculation.
Whenleavesofvinestouch
thegroundareremovedto
preventdiseasesdevelopment.
Theamountofde-leafingthat
occurshigheruptheplant
variesbetweengrowers.
Thepurposeofde-leafing
higheruptheplantstemisto
increaselightpenetrationand
aircirculation.
24

26. SoilSterilizationSoilSterilization
Soil sterilization
Itprovidequickrelieftothesoils,fromsubstancesand
organisms,whichharmfultoplantssuchas:Bacteria,Viruses,
Fungi,Nematodes.
Soil solarizationSoil solarization
Soil
pasteurization
Soil
pasteurization
FumigationFumigation
25

27. The crop beds are drenched
using 4 per cent
formaldehyde (4 l/ m
2
of
bed) and covered with
black polyethylene mulch
sheet.
Four days after formalin
treatment, the polyethylene
cover is removed.
Fumigation
Four days after formalin
treatment, the polyethylene
cover is removed.
The beds are raked
repeatedly every day to
remove the trapped formalin
fumes completely, prior to
transplanting.
26

28. Sideshoots(suckers)will
developbetweeneach
compoundleafandthestem.
Thesesuckersareremovedas
theydevelop,leavingonlythe
mainstemasagrowingpoint.
Sideshootsareusuallynot
pruneduntiltheyattainafew
incheslong,atthetime,they
easiertodistinguishfromthe
mainstem.
De-suckering
Sideshoots(suckers)will
developbetweeneach
compoundleafandthestem.
Thesesuckersareremovedas
theydevelop,leavingonlythe
mainstemasagrowingpoint.
Sideshootsareusuallynot
pruneduntiltheyattainafew
incheslong,atthetime,they
easiertodistinguishfromthe
mainstem.
27

29. Thegrowingpointand
smallfruitclustersatthe
topoftheplantare
removedthisoperationis
calledtopping.
Toppingiscarriedoutfor
rapidfruitdevelopment
andimprovingsizeof
already-setfruitinthe
lowerpartoftheplant.
Toavoidsunburnthe
shootsarelefttogrowat
thetop.
Topping
Thegrowingpointand
smallfruitclustersatthe
topoftheplantare
removedthisoperationis
calledtopping.
Toppingiscarriedoutfor
rapidfruitdevelopment
andimprovingsizeof
already-setfruitinthe
lowerpartoftheplant.
Toavoidsunburnthe
shootsarelefttogrowat
thetop.
28

30. Staking
Immediately after
transplantingplantstems
shouldbesecuredto
nylon/plastic(highdensity)
twine,andqualityoftwine
shouldbeensured.
Twinesarehungfrom
horizontalwiresatleast3m
abouttheground.
Horizontalwiresmustbe
sturdyenoughtosupportthe
weightofallplantsintherow.
Immediately after
transplantingplantstems
shouldbesecuredto
nylon/plastic(highdensity)
twine,andqualityoftwine
shouldbeensured.
Twinesarehungfrom
horizontalwiresatleast3m
abouttheground.
Horizontalwiresmustbe
sturdyenoughtosupportthe
weightofallplantsintherow.
29

31. Fruit thinningFruit thinning
Small,undersizedfruitarealwaysremoved,asthese
willgenerallynotgrowtomarketablesizeandreduce
thesizeoftheotherfruit.
Thistechniqueispowerful,souseitwithgreatcaution.
Theoptimumnumberoffruitsperplantvarieswiththe
cultivarandevenmoreorless,withthegrowing
conditions.
Farmermaydecidetoremovetoomanyfruitsand
ultimatelyunnecessarilylimittheproduction.
Fruitmustbeprunedorremovedassoonasitcanbe
handled,beforeitgrowstoolarge.
Small,undersizedfruitarealwaysremoved,asthese
willgenerallynotgrowtomarketablesizeandreduce
thesizeoftheotherfruit.
Thistechniqueispowerful,souseitwithgreatcaution.
Theoptimumnumberoffruitsperplantvarieswiththe
cultivarandevenmoreorless,withthegrowing
conditions.
Farmermaydecidetoremovetoomanyfruitsand
ultimatelyunnecessarilylimittheproduction.
Fruitmustbeprunedorremovedassoonasitcanbe
handled,beforeitgrowstoolarge.
30

32. Regulation of flowering and fruiting by using
growth regulators
Regulation of flowering and fruiting by using
growth regulators
Thegrowthregulatorscanbeusedtoincreasefruitset
athighandlowtemperature.
TheflowerdippinginPCPA(Parachloro-Phenoxy
aceticacid)30ppmatfullyopenstage,toincreasethe
fruitsetatlowandhightemperature.
Theapplicationofcycocel(500ppm)ontheplantsto
increaseflowerbudstimulationandincreasefruitset.
Thegrowthregulatorscanbeusedtoincreasefruitset
athighandlowtemperature.
TheflowerdippinginPCPA(Parachloro-Phenoxy
aceticacid)30ppmatfullyopenstage,toincreasethe
fruitsetatlowandhightemperature.
Theapplicationofcycocel(500ppm)ontheplantsto
increaseflowerbudstimulationandincreasefruitset.
31

33. Chemicals used for fruit development
Common
Name
Dose
(mg/l)
Effects
Ethephon 200-500
Whole plant spray
Flowering induction,Better
rooting and fruit setting
2,4-D 2-5 As seedtreatment
or whole plant spray
Increase fruit set, Earlyness
and Parthenocarpy
2,4-D 2-5 As seedtreatment
or whole plant spray
Increase fruit set, Earlyness
and Parthenocarpy
IBA 50-100
Foliage spray
Increase fruit set
IAA 50-100
Foliage spray
For good fruitsize and yield
32

34. Use of growth regulators in cucumber
ApplicationofEthrel(150-200ppm)increasethe
numberoffemaleflowersandfruitset.
GA
3(1500-2000ppm)andSilvernitrate(200-
300ppm)inducemaleflowersongynoecious
cucumber.
Itmayappliedat2trueleafstageandrepeatthe
sprayat4trueleafstages.
ApplicationofEthrel(150-200ppm)increasethe
numberoffemaleflowersandfruitset.
GA
3(1500-2000ppm)andSilvernitrate(200-
300ppm)inducemaleflowersongynoecious
cucumber.
Itmayappliedat2trueleafstageandrepeatthe
sprayat4trueleafstages.
33

35. ReviewReviewofof
literatureliterature
ReviewReviewofof
literatureliterature

36. Table1:Effectsoftrainingsystemsonvegetativeand
reproductiveparametersoftomatoinpolyhouse
conditions
Table1:Effectsoftrainingsystemsonvegetativeand
reproductiveparametersoftomatoinpolyhouse
conditions
Treatment Plant height
(cm) at 90
DAP
Plant height
(cm) at 120
DAP
No of flowers
per cluster
No of fruits
per cluster
P
1(Single stem) 163.11 216.69 8.78 6.19
N. A. U, Navsari Patelet al., (2016)
P
1(Single stem) 163.11 216.69 8.78 6.19
P
2(Double stem) 147.44 205.32 7.89 4.00
P
3(Three stem) 139.33 197.83 7.57 3.18
S.E.m± 3.03 4.75 0.20 0.09
CD
0.05 9.09 14.24 0.60 0.27
34

37. Table2:Effectsoftrainingsystemsonreproductiveand
yieldparametersoftomatoinpolyhouse
conditions0
Table2:Effectsoftrainingsystemsonreproductiveand
yieldparametersoftomatoinpolyhouse
conditions0
Treatment Noof
Fruits
per plant
Fruit weight
(g)
Yield per
plant (kg)
Yield per m
2
(kg)
P
1(Single stem)31.83 92.86 2.71 6.76
P
2(Double stem)28.86 82.27 2.26 5.39
P
3(Three stem)30.07 71.94 2.15 5.11
S.E.m± 0.75 2.49 0.07 0.31
CD
0.05 2.23 7.46 0.20 0.54
N. A. U, Navsari Patelet al. (2016)35

38. Table3:Effectoftraininglevelonnumberofleavesof
capsicumhybrid(buffalo)underpolyhouse
condition
Table3:Effectoftraininglevelonnumberofleavesof
capsicumhybrid(buffalo)underpolyhouse
condition
Treatment
No. of leaves at
30 DAP
No. of leaves at
60 DAP
No. of leaves at
90 DAP
No. of leaves
at 120 DAP
P1 (Two shoots) 36.66 71.20 92.49 99.61
P2 (Three shoots) 41.89 77.48 98.61 111.29P2 (Three shoots) 41.89 77.48 98.61 111.29
P3 (Four shoots) 50.01 85.37 111.60 119.61
S.Em(±) 1.38 2.31 2.85 3.43
LSD(0.05) 4.13 6.93 8.53 10.29
CV% 9.63 8.89 8.46 9.35
Thakuret al.(2018)Samastipur,Bihar
36

39. Table 4 : Effect of training level on number of flower per plant of
capsicum hybrid (buffalo) underpolyhouse condition
Table 4 : Effect of training level on number of flower per plant of
capsicum hybrid (buffalo) underpolyhouse condition
Treatment
Number of
flower per
plant
at 60 DAP
Number of
flower per
plant at 90
DAP
Number of
flower per
plant
at 120 DAP
Number of
flower per
plant at 150
DAP
Number of
flower per
plant at 180
DAP
P
1(Two shoots) 7.52 8.27 7.28 6.01 2.24
P
2(Three shoots)9.30 9.31 8.26 6.63 2.89P
2(Three shoots)9.30 9.31 8.26 6.63 2.89
P
3(Four shoots)10.19 11.41 9.44 7.54 3.62
S.Em(±) 0.33 0.32 0.26 0.22 0.11
LSD(0.05) 0.98 0.97 0.76 0.66 0.33
CV% 10.87 9.96 9.18 9.84 11.43
Thakuret al.(2018)Samastipur,Bihar 37

40. Table5:Effectoftraininglevelonyieldanditsattributeofcapsicum
hybrid(buffalo)underpolyhousecondition
Table5:Effectoftraininglevelonyieldanditsattributeofcapsicum
hybrid(buffalo)underpolyhousecondition
Treatment
Fruit weight
(g)
Number offruitsper
plant
Fruit yield /
plant(Kg)
Yield (t / ha)
P
1(Two shoots)175.91 12.35 2.22 65.58
P
2(Three shoots)162.01 15.85 2.60 77.39
P
3(Four shoots)154.08 20.31 3.20 95.01
S.Em (±) 6.52 0.84 0.08 2.65
LSD(0.05) 19.55 2.52 0.24 7.96
CV% 11.93 15.58 8.85 10.03
38 Thakuret al.(2018)Samastipur,Bihar

41. Table6:Effectofpruningandgrowthregulatorsondaystakenforfirstflowering
and50percentfloweringofcolouredcapsicumcv.orobelleunder
greenhouseindifferentseasons
Table6:Effectofpruningandgrowthregulatorsondaystakenforfirstflowering
and50percentfloweringofcolouredcapsicumcv.orobelleunder
greenhouseindifferentseasons
Treatments
Days taken for first flowering
(DAT)
Days taken for 50 per cent
plants to flower (DAT)
Summer Winter Summer Winter
T
1
36.68 32.30 41.78 39.36
T
2
37.73 33.46 42.19 40.11
T
3
38.03 34.49 42.80 40.81
T
4
38.53 35.57 44.36 41.23
T
5
27.81 25.25 34.18 32.63
T
6
29.12 27.34 37.13 35.11
T
7
29.80 27.52 37.83 35.86T
7
29.80 27.52 37.83 35.86
T
8
30.53 28.71 38.43 36.34
T
9
32.55 29.38 39.15 37.12
T
10
33.20 30.27 39.85 37.91
T
11
34.87 30.81 40.56 38.34
T
12
36.35 31.54 41.00 39.51
T
13
39.79 37.65 46.14 43.62
T
14
39.17 36.41 45.31 42.34
T
15
40.31 38.28 48.83 44.40
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.00 1.31 1.15 0.90
CV% 3.42 2.45 1.66 1.38
GKVK, Bangalore Shetty andManohar, (2008)39

42. Table 7: Effect ofpruning and growth regulators onnumber of flowers per
plant and per cent of fruit setof coloured capsicumcv. orobelle
under greenhouse in different seasons
Table 7: Effect ofpruning and growth regulators onnumber of flowers per
plant and per cent of fruit setof coloured capsicumcv. orobelle
under greenhouse in different seasons
Treatments Number of flowers per plant Per cent fruit set
Summer Winter Summer Winter
T
1
27.76 32.88 38.31 43.77
T
2
27.24 32.18 36.67 43.02
T
3
26.82 31.87 36.21 42.44
T
4
26.37 31.01 35.59 41.51
T
5
34.34 39.41 52.37 63.51
T
6
33.34 37.53 48.43 58.53
T
7
32.75 36.81 46.41 57.18T
7
32.75 36.81 46.41 57.18
T
8
32.10 35.52 45.22 53.41
T
9
31.34 36.81 44.43 52.71
T
10
30.44 34.76 42.52 48.40
T
11
28.86 34.13 41.61 46.47
T
12
28.23 33.49 40.67 45.42
T
13
25.81 30.65 33.32 37.39
T
14
26.22 30.01 34.64 38.66
T
15
25.41 29.36 32.39 36.71
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.61 1.24 3.06 3.82
CV% 3.31 2.20 4.52 4.83
GKVK, Bangalore Shetty and Manohar (2008)40

43. Table 8 :Effect ofpruning and growth regulators on yield attributes of
coloured capsicumcv. orobelle under greenhouse in different
seasons
Table 8 :Effect ofpruning and growth regulators on yield attributes of
coloured capsicumcv. orobelle under greenhouse in different
seasons
Treatments
Yield per plant (kg)Yield per plot(kg) Yield per hectare (t)
Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter
T
1
1.18 1.41 11.80 14.10 70.80 84.60
T
2
1.11 1.37 11.10 13.70 64.80 82.20
T
3
1.06 1.28 10.60 12.80 63.60 79.20
T
4
0.99 1.29 9.90 12.90 59.80 77.40
T
5
1.97 2.39 19.70 23.90 118.20 143.40
T
6
1.83 2.18 18.30 21.80 109.80 130.80
T
7
1.69 1.94 16.90 19.40 101.40 116.40T
7
1.69 1.94 16.90 19.40 101.40 116.40
T
8
1.61 1.80 16.10 18.00 96.60 108.00
T
9
1.51 1.74 15.10 17.40 90.60 104.40
T
10
1.38 1.67 13.80 16.70 83.40 100.20
T
11
1.30 1.52 13.00 15.20 78.00 91.20
T
12
1.25 1.46 12.50 14.60 75.60 87.60
T
13
0.874 1.17 8.70 11.70 52.40 70.20
T
14
0.925 1.25 9.20 12.50 55.50 75.00
T
15
0.731 1.07 7.30 10.70 43.80 60.60
C.D. (P=0.05)0.31 0.40 0.67 1.02 3.50 2.97
CV% 14.62 15.56 3.13 3.90 2.69 1.88
GKVK, Bangalore Shetty and Manohar (2008)41

44. Different treatmentsDifferent treatments
T
1-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + NAA 10 ppm
T
2-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + NAA 25 ppm
T
3-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + GA 10 ppm
T
4-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + GA 25 ppm
T
5-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + NAA 10 ppm
T
6-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + NAA 25 ppm
T
7-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + GA 10 ppm
T
8-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + GA 25 ppm
T
9-Pruning control + NAA 10 ppm,
T
10-Pruning control + NAA 25 ppm,
T
11-Pruning control + GA 10 ppm
T
12-Pruning control + GA 25 ppm
T
13-Growth regulator control + Pruning to 2 branches per plant
T
14-Growth regulator control + Pruning to 4 branches per plant
T
15-Control
T
1-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + NAA 10 ppm
T
2-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + NAA 25 ppm
T
3-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + GA 10 ppm
T
4-Pruning to 2 branches per plant + GA 25 ppm
T
5-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + NAA 10 ppm
T
6-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + NAA 25 ppm
T
7-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + GA 10 ppm
T
8-Pruning to 4 branches per plant + GA 25 ppm
T
9-Pruning control + NAA 10 ppm,
T
10-Pruning control + NAA 25 ppm,
T
11-Pruning control + GA 10 ppm
T
12-Pruning control + GA 25 ppm
T
13-Growth regulator control + Pruning to 2 branches per plant
T
14-Growth regulator control + Pruning to 4 branches per plant
T
15-Control
42

45. Table 9 : Effect of shoot pruning on yield and its attribute of a
winter capsicum (Capsicum annumL.) crops in hills
protected condition
Table 9 : Effect of shoot pruning on yield and its attribute of a
winter capsicum (Capsicum annumL.) crops in hills
protected condition
Treatments
Number of
fruit/plant
Polar
diameter of
fruit (mm)
Radial
diameter of
fruit (mm)
Fruit yield/plant
(kg)
Control 110.67 92.38 74.27 10.68
Double leader 76.33 94.65 72.29 4.23
Triple leader 55.67 92.7 73.93 6.25
Fourth leader 63 100.94 111.84 6.58
CD
0.05 13.97 7.6 13.92 6.56
CV % 21.32 4 8.38 47.31
Ahirwar and Hedau (2015)
Almora, Uttarakhand 43

46. Table 10 : Effect of exogenous application of PGRs on
yield and its attributes of bell pepper
Table 10 : Effect of exogenous application of PGRs on
yield and its attributes of bell pepper
Treatments Numberof
fruits per plant
Average
fruit
weight (g)
Fruit yield
per
plant (kg)
Marketabl
e yield
perm
2
(kg)
Total
yield
perm
2
(kg)
T
1 Control 22.00 171.00 2.74 9.52 10.35
T
220 ppm NAA 26.00 185.00 3.00 10.75 11.44
T
340 ppm NAA 16.03 169.03 2.33 7.92 8.56
T
460 ppm NAA 18.02 151.01 2.16 7.12 7.83
T
525 ppm GA
3 15.00 164.31 2.28 7.34 8.35T
525 ppm GA
3 15.00 164.31 2.28 7.34 8.35
T
650 ppm GA
3 15.97 148.35 2.11 6.41 7.63
T
775 ppm GA
3 14.05 127.00 2.00 5.70 7.12
T
82.5 ppm 2,4-D 15.03 135.01 1.81 4.74 6.32
T
95.0 ppm 2,4-D 15.01 128.01 1.71 4.24 5.89
T
107.5 ppm 2,4-D 12.00 123.63 1.53 3.46 5.10
S.E.m.± 1.11 10.44 0.14 0.56 0.62
C.D.0.05 3.30 31.01 0.43 1.67 1.85
C.V. % 11.38 12.04 11.55 14.49 13.75
Bhartiet al.(2017)N. A. U, Navsari 44

47. Table 11 : Effect of pollination technique on reproductive and
quality attribute of tomato
Table 11 : Effect of pollination technique on reproductive and
quality attribute of tomato
Treatment
Average yield
per plant (g)
Average fruit
weight (g)
Firmness
(kg/cm
2)
Average
fruit
specific
gravity
(g/cm
3
)
Average
fruit set
percentage
(%)
Bumble
bees
Bumble
bees
5132.20a 100.3a 3015.80a 1.03a 99.1a
PGB 4116.80b 80.50b 2690.00ab 0.96b 96.7a
Vibration 3591.00c 84.10b 2846.10ab0.983b 76.5b
Control 2818.50d 70.60c 2464.40b 0.95c 65.3c
Al-Attalet al.(2003)Jordan 45

48. Table 12 : Effect of bee pollination on the fruit characters
and yield in cucumber grown under different
condition
Table 12 : Effect of bee pollination on the fruit characters
and yield in cucumber grown under different
condition
Treatments
Number of
fruits per
plant
Average fruit
weight (g)
Yield (q/ha)
I Open field condition 54.00 118.13 191.35
II Polyhouse with bee hive 75.75 147.35 236.25
IIIPolyhouse without bee hive12.75 128.80 37.26
CD at 5% 2.15 11.26 23.56
Raiet al.(2008)Bangalore, Karnataka 46

49. Table 13 : Effect of mulching on flowering and fruit
characters of cucumbercv. noori f
1hybrid
Table 13 : Effect of mulching on flowering and fruit
characters of cucumbercv. noori f
1hybrid
Treatments
Daysto first
flowering
Days to first
fruiting
Days to first
harvest
Fruit length
(cm)
Without
mulch
39.47 46.72 49.40 10.18
Black
polythene
35.24 41.71 44.11 13.16
Black
polythene
35.24 41.71 44.11 13.16
Straw mulch
35.95 42.54 44.99 12.10
SEm±
0.12 0.18 0.24 0.23
CD at 5%
0.36 0.55 0.99 0.68
Rolaniyaet al.(2018)Bikaner, Rajasthan 47

50. Table 14 : Effect of mulching on fruit characters and fruit yield
of cucumbercv. noori f
1hybrid
Table 14 : Effect of mulching on fruit characters and fruit yield
of cucumbercv. noori f
1hybrid
Treatments
Fruit
girth(cm)
Fruit
weight (g)
Number of
fruit per
vine
Fruit yield
per vine
(kg)
Fruit yield
(qha
-1
)
Without
mulch
3.27 85.58 10.97 1.10 458.88
Black
polythene
3.55 110.83 11.91 1.37 561.31Black
polythene
3.55 110.83 11.91 1.37 561.31
Straw mulch
3.44 101.96 11.54 1.29 515.66
SEm±
0.01 2.05 0.02 0.02 0.81
CD at 5%
0.02 6.09 0.05 0.06 2.42
Rolaniyaet al.(2018)Bikaner, Rajasthan 48

51. Table 15 : Effect of mulching material on fruit yield and crop
span in tomato
Treatment
Fruits/
plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Yield
(kg/m
2
)
Harvest
duration
(days)
M
1(Red colour plastic mulch) 38.6 55.0 9.3 80.4
M
2(Yellow colour plastic mulch) 37.8 56.5 9.6 80.3
M
3(Blue colour plastic mulch) 37.3 57.9 9.5 83.9
M
4(Green colour plastic mulch) 37.5 55.0 9.4 80.8M
4(Green colour plastic mulch) 37.5 55.0 9.4 80.8
M
5(Transparent plastic mulch) 36.3 57.0 9.4 75.7
M
6(Blackcolour plastic mulch) 39.5 58.3 10.2 83.8
M
7(Double shaded plastic mulch)40.4 60.2 10.9 85.6
M
8( M
7along with straw ) 36.2 54.7 8.9 79.8
M
9(No mulch) 36.5 53.4 8.7 78.2
SEm± 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.7
CD(P=0.05) 1.9 1.2 0.7 2.0
Singhet al.(2017)Palampur, H.P 49

52. Treatment Plant heightNo of leaves / plantFresh Biomass yield
(kg/100 m
2)
T
1 Yellow + fenugreek 20.40 22.20 93.67
T
2 Red + fenugreek 25.25 28.13 128.33
T
3 White + fenugreek 22.20 22.87 93.61
T
4 Blue + fenugreek 23.23 25.10 109.56
T
5 Green + fenugreek 23.70 27.23 117.67
T
6 Open field + fenugreek 12.69 18.00 20.00
T
7 Yellow + Coriander 7.95 16.23 13.00
T
8 Red + Coriander 20.39 29.23 59.00
T
9 White + Coriander 8.25 18.10 24.67
Table : 16 Effect of different shade net on growth and yield
parameter of fenugreek, coriander, garlic
Table : 16 Effect of different shade net on growth and yield
parameter of fenugreek, coriander, garlic
T
8 Red + Coriander 20.39 29.23 59.00
T
9 White + Coriander 8.25 18.10 24.67
T
10 Blue + Coriander 14.82 20.03 37.00
T
11 Green + Coriander 18.74 27.83 48.33
T
12Open field + Coriander 5.93 13 1.00
T
13 Yellow + Garlic 20.02 3.22 31.33
T
14 Red + Garlic 28.50 4.70 53.33
T
15 White + Garlic 19.89 3.40 50.67
T
16 Blue + Garlic 24.76 3.31 47.33
T
17 Green + Garlic 27.61 4.05 54.33
T
18 Open field + Garlic 14.16 2.16 5.33
C. D.@ 5% 1.92 1.34 14.29
N. A. U, Navsari Desaiet al.(2016)50

53. Conclusion
Varioushorticulturalpracticeslikesaspruning,training,staking,
mulching,PGRsandpollinationfoundeffectiveforachievingsignificant
higheryield.
Intomato,singlestemtrainingreportedbettervegetativeand
reproductivecharactersofcrop.Whileincaseofcapsicumfourleader
systemfoundhigheryieldwithitsattributes.
Incapsicum,fourshootpruningsystemwithNAA@10ppmhad
significantlyimprovetheyieldcharacters.
IncaseofPGRs,NAA@20ppmsignificantlyimprovethemarketable
yield.
Incaseofpollination,bumblebeefoundbestforfruitsetandhigher
yieldunderpolyhouseconditions.
Useofblackpolythenemulchanddoubleshadedpolythenemulchgave
higheryieldwithgoodqualityfruits
Useoftheredshednetinfenugreek,corianderandgarlicsignificantly
improvevegetativeandreproductivegrowth.
Varioushorticulturalpracticeslikesaspruning,training,staking,
mulching,PGRsandpollinationfoundeffectiveforachievingsignificant
higheryield.
Intomato,singlestemtrainingreportedbettervegetativeand
reproductivecharactersofcrop.Whileincaseofcapsicumfourleader
systemfoundhigheryieldwithitsattributes.
Incapsicum,fourshootpruningsystemwithNAA@10ppmhad
significantlyimprovetheyieldcharacters.
IncaseofPGRs,NAA@20ppmsignificantlyimprovethemarketable
yield.
Incaseofpollination,bumblebeefoundbestforfruitsetandhigher
yieldunderpolyhouseconditions.
Useofblackpolythenemulchanddoubleshadedpolythenemulchgave
higheryieldwithgoodqualityfruits
Useoftheredshednetinfenugreek,corianderandgarlicsignificantly
improvevegetativeandreproductivegrowth. 51