Hot and cold application

nursing foundation

1. HOT AND COLD APPLICATION PRESENTED BY : MONAL PARMAR M.Sc NURSING

2. HOT APPLICATION Hot application is the application of a hot agent, warmer than skin either in a moist or dry from on the surface of the body.

3. PURPOSE

4. COLD APPLICATION Cold application is the application of a cold agent cooler than skin either in a moist or dry form, on the surface of the skin.

5. PURPOSE

6. Classification of temperature Temperature Fahrenheit Very cold 32 to 55 F Cold 55 to 65 F Cool 65 to 80 F Neutral 80 to 92 F Warm 92 to 98 F Hot 98 to 104 F Very hot 104 F

7. Hot & cold pack ICE BAG Hot water bag

8. TRANSFER OF ENERGY Conduction: Contact Convection: movement Evaporation: through liquid-gas transfer Radiation: electromagnetic waves Conversion: transfer from one energy type to another

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS COLD APPLICATION HOT APPLICATION Peripheral vasoconstriction Peripheral vasodilatation Decreased capillary permeability Increased capillary permeability Decreased oxygen consumption Increased oxygen consumption Decreased local metabolism Increased local metabolism Increased blood viscosity Decreased blood viscosity Decreased muscle tone Decreased muscle tone Decreased blood flow Increased blood flow Decreased lymph flow Increase Lymph flow Decreased motility of leucocytes Increase motility of leucocytes

10. SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS OF HEAT

11. SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS OF COLD

12. FACTORS AFFECTING HEAT AND COLD TOLERANCE Body part: Certain areas of the skin have a sensitivity to temperature variations. The inner aspect of the wrist and forearm, the neck, and the perineal area are temperature-sensitive, while the back of the hand and the foot are not as sensitive. Duration of application: Therapeutic benefits of heat and cold applications are achieved with short periods of exposure to temperature variations. Tolerance increases as the length of exposure increases.

13. Area of body exposed: The larger the area exposed to heat and cold, the lower the tolerance to temperature changes. Damage to body surface area: Injured skin areas are more sensitive than intact areas to temperature variations. Age: Thinner skin layers in children and elderly people increase the risk for burns from the heat and cold applications.

14. Individual tolerance: Tolerance to temperature variations is affected by age and physical condition. The young and the aged are especially susceptible to heat and cold.

15. HOT APPLICATION

16. CONTRAINDICATION Malignancies Impaired kidney, heart & lung functions Acutely inflammed areas On clients with paralysis Open wounds Edema associated with venous or lymphatic diseases Headache Client with metabolic disorders Client with very high temperature

17. COMPLICATIONS Pain Burns Redness of the skin Edema Pallor (secondary effect) Hyperthermia

18. COLD APPLICATION INDICATION Therapeutic Uses Of Local Cold Applications Relieves pain Prevent gangrene Prevent edema & reduce inflammation Control hemorrhage Control the growth of bacteria Reduces the body temperature

19. CONTRAINDICATION Client in the state of shock & collapse Edema Diseases associated with impaired circulation Muscle spasm Decreased sensation Client have shivering or having very low temperature Cold hypersensitivity or intolerance

20. COMPLICATION Tissue Death Frost Bite Nerve damage :- Unwanted vasodilation due to prolonged vasoconstriction, ischemia, thromboses in smaller vessels. Freezing of tissues

21. Guidelines in application of hot and cold application Check the order, check armband Assess general condition of the patient Assess the skin area where application going Check functioning of equipment Reassess patient and response in 15 minutes Stop treatment at designated time Examine the place where the treatment will occur. Record the patient’s response

22. Safety measures “DO’S” Do explain to the patient sensations to be felt during the procedure Do instruct the patient to report changes in sensation or discomfort immediately Do provide a timer, clock, or watch so that the patient can help the nurse time the application Do keep the call light within the patients reach Do refer to the hospital’s policy and procedure manual for safe temperatures

23. Safety measures “DON’T’S” Do not allow the patient to adjust the temperature Do not allow the patient to move an application Do not place the patient in a position that prevents movement away from the temperature source Do not leave unattended a patient who is neurological impaired.