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1. Public Health Aspects of House Engineering Presented by- Laxmi Sah 7 th semester Bachelor in Public Health(BPH) Koshi Health & Science Campus

2. Outline Concept of Housing Criteria/ Standard of Hygienic House Ventilation Engineering Code of House Building 1/24/2017 2 Laxmi Sah

3. Concept "Housing", in the modern concept includes not only the physical structure' providing shelter, but also the immediate surroundings, and the related community services and facilities. 1/24/2017 3 Laxmi Sah

4. A WHO Expert Group (1961) on public health aspects of housing prefers to use the term "residential environment" which is defined as the physical structure that man uses and the environs of the structure including all necessary services, facilities, equipment and devices needed or desired for the physical and mental health and the social well-being of the family and the individual. 1/24/2017 4 Laxmi Sah

5. Criteria for hygienic house An Expert Committee of the WHO recommended the following criteria for healthful housing similar to the Basic Principles of Healthful Housing published by the American Public Health Association : 1. Healthful housing provides physical protection and shelter; 2. provides adequately for cooking, eating, washing, and excretory functions; 1/24/2017 5 Laxmi Sah

6. 3. Is designed, constructed, maintained and used in a manner such as to prevent the spread of communicable diseases; 4. provides for protection from hazards of exposure to noise and pollution; 5. is free from unsafe physical arrangements due to construction or maintenance. and from toxic or harmful materials; and 6. encourages personal and community development, promotes social relationships, reflects a regard for ecological principles, and by these means promotes mental health. 1/24/2017 6 Laxmi Sah

7. Housing standard Family size and composition, standard of living, life style, stage in life cycle, education and cultural factors must be taken into consideration in determining housing standards. Because of cultural diversity and other factors such as climate and social traditions, standards of housing must vary from country to country and from region to region. In short, there cannot be rigid, uniform standards. 1/24/2017 7 Laxmi Sah

8. The Standard or criteria for hygienic house are as below : Site- Site should be elevated from its surroundings that it is not subject to flooding during rains. The site should have an independent access to a street of adequate width. It should be away from breeding places of mosquitoes and flies. It should be away from nuisances. 1/24/2017 8 Laxmi Sah

9. It should be in pleasing environment. The soil should be dry and safe for founding the structure and should be well drained. "Made-soil” i.e., ground that is leveled by dumping refuse is very satisfactory for building purposes for at least 20 to 25 years. The subsoil water should be below 10 feet (3 meters). 1/24/2017 9 Laxmi Sah

10. SET BACK – For proper lighting and ventilation, there should be an open space all round the house - this is called "set back". In rural areas it is recommended that the built-up area should not exceed one-third of the total area; in urban areas where land is costly, the built up area may be up to two-thirds. The set back should be such that there is no obstruction to lighting and ventilation. 1/24/2017 10 Laxmi Sah

11. FLOOR -The floor should be pucca and satisfy the following criteria : (a) it should be impermeable so that it can be easily washed and kept clean and dry. Mud floors tend to break up and cause dust; they are not recommended, (b) the floor must be smooth and free from cracks and crevices to prevent the breeding of insects and harborage of dust, (c) the floors should be damp-proof, (d) the height of the plinth should be 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 1 meter). 1/24/2017 11 Laxmi Sah

12. WALLS -The walls should be reasonably strong should have a low heat capacity i.e., should not absorb heat and conduct the same weather resistant unsuitable for harborage of rats and vermin not easily damaged and smooth. These standards can be attained by 9-inch brick wall plastered smooth and colored cream or white. 1/24/2017 12 Laxmi Sah

13. ROOF – The height of the roof should not be less than 10 feet (3 m) in the absence of air-conditioning for comfort. The roof should have a low heat transmittance coefficient. ROOMS : The number of living rooms should not be less than two, at least one of which can be closed for security. The other may be open on one side if that side is a private courtyard. The number and area of rooms should be increased according to size of family. so that the recommended floor space per person may be made available. 1/24/2017 13 Laxmi Sah

14. FLOOR AREA – The floor area of a living room should be at Ieast 120 sq.ft . (12 sq.m .) for occupancy by more than one person and at least 100 sq.ft . (10 sq.m .) for occupancy by a single person. The floor area available in living rooms per person should not be less than 50 sq.ft ; the optimum is 100 sq.ft . CUBIC SPACE :- Unless means are provided for mechanical replacement of air the height of rooms should be such as to give an air space of at least 500 c.ft . per capita, preferably 1,000 c.ft . 1/24/2017 14 Laxmi Sah

15. WINDOWS – (a) Unless mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting are provided, every living room should be provided with at least 2 windows, and at least one of them should open directly on to an open space, (b) the windows should be placed at a height of not more than 3 feet (1 m) above the ground in living rooms (c) window area should be 1/5th of the floor area. Doors and windows combined should have 2/5th the floor area. 1/24/2017 15 Laxmi Sah

16. LIGHTING - The daylight factor should exceed 1 percent over half the floor area. KITCHEN – Every dwelling house must have a separate kitchen. The kitchen must be protected against dust and smoke; adequately lighted; provided with arrangements for storing food, fuel and provisions; provided with water supply; provided with a sink for washing utensils and fitted with arrangements for proper drainage. 1/24/2017 16 Laxmi Sah

17. PRIVY : A sanitary privy is a MUST in every house, belonging exclusively to it and readily accessible. ln the more developed areas of the world, the majority of dwelling units are equipped with water carriage systems. GARBAGE AND REFUSE : These should be removed from the dwelling at least daily and disposed of in a sanitary manner. 1/24/2017 17 Laxmi Sah

18. BATHING AND WASHING : The house should have facilities for bathing and washing belonging exclusively to it and providing proper privacy. WATER SUPPLY : The house should have a safe & adequate water supply available at all times. 1/24/2017 18 Laxmi Sah

19. Overcrowding Overcrowding is a health problem in human dwellings. It may promote the spread of respiratory infections such as tuberculosis, influenza and diphtheria. High morbidity and mortality rates are observed where housing conditions are substandard. 1/24/2017 Laxmi Sah 19

20. The accepted standards with respect to overcrowding are as below- (1) PERSONS PER ROOM : The degree of overcrowding can best be expressed as the number of persons per room, i.e., number of persons in the household divided by the number of rooms in the dwelling. 1/24/2017 Laxmi Sah 20

21. The accepted standards are : 1 rooms – 2 persons 2 rooms – 3 persons 3 rooms – 5 persons 4 rooms – 7 persons 5 or more rooms -10 persons (additional 2 for each further room) 1/24/2017 Laxmi Sah 21

22. (2) FLOOR SPACE : The accepted standards are : 110 sq.ft . (11 sq. m.) or more ----- 2 persons 90-100 sq.ft . (9-10 sq. m.) ----- 1 &1/2, persons 70-90 sq.ft . (7-9 sq. m.)----- 1 person 50-70 sq.ft . (5 7 sq. m.)------1/2 person Under 50 sq.ft (5 sq. m.)------nil (A baby under 12 months is not counted; children between1 to 10 counted as half a unit). SEX SEPARATION : Overcrowding is considered to exist if 2 persons over 9 years of age, not husband and wife, of Opposite sexes are obliged to sleep in the same room. 1/24/2017 Laxmi Sah 22

23. Ventilation Engineering Ventilation  is the intentional introduction of outside air into a space.  Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes of thermal comfort or dehumidification when the introduction of outside air will help to achieve desired indoor  psychrometric  conditions. 1/24/2017 23 Laxmi Sah

24. Categories of ventilation- Mechanical ventilation  refers to any system that uses mechanical means, such as a fan, to introduce outside air to a space. This includes positive pressure ventilation, exhaust ventilation, and balanced systems that use both supply and exhaust ventilation. Natural ventilation  refers to intentionally designed passive methods of introducing outside to a space without the use of mechanical systems. 1/24/2017 24 Laxmi Sah

25. Mixed mode ventilation (or  hybrid ventilation ) systems use both natural and mechanical processes. Infiltration  is the uncontrolled flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings) in a building envelope. 1/24/2017 25 Laxmi Sah

26. Ventilation Engineering Air ducts forward appropriately conditioned air through the whole building. This air should be distributed in an energy-saving manner with minimal heat or cold loss. Furthermore air ducts should be protected from generating condensate to avoid damages at the insulation or even the ceilings. The choice of the insulation materials of the  ventilation systems  depend on the function of the air ducts and its location inside or outside the building. At the same time the  air duct insulation system  serves as noise protection against sound radiation. 1/24/2017 26 Laxmi Sah

27. A good  ventilation system insulation  can be processed fast and easily, protecting its environment not only from dust and bacteria but also cleaned easily. A requirement for an  air duct insulation system  is the correct installation of the insulation through experienced staff. 1/24/2017 27 Laxmi Sah

28. 1/24/2017 Laxmi Sah 28

29. Code of house building A  building code  (also  building control  or  building regulations ) is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non-building structures. The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate governmental or private authority. 1/24/2017 29 Laxmi Sah

30. The government endorsed Fundamental Construction bylaws on Settlement Development, Urban Planning and Building Construction 2015 focusing on developing safer communities to deal with future disaster risks. The new bylaws state that buildings up to 10m high have to leave a minimum of 1.5m setback from the border of the land plot. Only houses up to three storeys and having a common height can be joined together. Public buildings up to 17m high have to leave a minimum setback of 3m while non-public buildings have to allocate for 2m setback. The minimum setback for even taller buildings is 5m. 1/24/2017 30 Laxmi Sah

31. As per the bylaws, roads in new settlements have to be at least 8m wide for being eligible to construct buildings while the bylaws envisions house pooling for existing dense settlements. Regarding right of way, homeowners have to leave a minimum of 3m from the centre of the road connecting the house to account for possible expansion. Residential buildings cannot cover more than 70 percent of land for plots up to 250 square metres and the ceiling is fixed at 60 percent for larger plots. 1/24/2017 31 Laxmi Sah

32. Another major change is that outer pillars of a building or isolated column footing should be built at least 1m within the boundary of the plot. The guideline also states that fences around a house should not be taller than 1.2m but installing safety nets up to 0.6m high on top is allowed. The guideline also makes soil testing and seismic analysis mandatory for constructing all public buildings and private houses taller than three storeys . 1/24/2017 32 Laxmi Sah

33. THANK YOU 1/24/2017 33 Laxmi Sah