house tree person test a psychological test.pptx

house tree person test a psychological test.pptx

1. HOUSE – TREE – PERSON TEST PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

2. Development: HTP was developed by Buck and Hammer (1969) Buck felt that artistic creativity represents a stream of flow onto graphic art He believed that through drawings, subjects objectified unconscious differences by sketching the inner image of the primary process. projective techniques reflect the influence of traditional and modern psychoanalytic concepts

3. Usage Designed to aid clinician in obtaining information concerning: individual’s sensitivity maturity flexibility efficiency degree of personality integration and interaction with the environment.

4. Usage Used for personality assessment Use in combination with other projective measurement instruments, usually given first as an “ice-breaker” Can be apply on Anyone over 3 years of age Especially appropriate for individuals who are non-English-speaking, culturally different, educationally deprived, or developmentally disabled.

5. Purpose Provides a structured context for the projection of unconscious material. It can be use for diagnosis To check adjustment of the subject Projective methods originated within a clinical setting evolved from therapeutic procedures

6. Advantages It requires little time and it is simple to administer. This is culture-free technique It is also good for patients with limited education, limited intellectual ability, culturally deprived backgrounds

7. Disadvantages Lack of extensive research Verbal patients less responsive Psychomotor difficulties Highly trained interviewers and skilled interpreters are needed. Interpreters’ bias can be there. It is a costly method. Not be representative of the entire population .

8. PROJECTIVE TESTS HOUSE-TREE-PERSON TEST

9. Administration Phase I

10. Administration Material Required: An A-4 sized paper, pencil, rubber, crayons and stopwatch Instructions: The test will be completed in following steps: Client will ask to draws three objects: a house, a tree, a person on plain paper Client will ask to draw a good house (as good as possible), take as much time as needed, erase anything you need to. Then the pencil is taken away & you can use crayons in anyway to shade in or draw. The client will ask to define or describe his drawing

11. Administration types: Achromatic ( without colors) Simply examiner has to ask to draw the drawings as good as possible Chromatic ( with colors) For this type of administration you have to provide colors: red, green, blue, yellow, brown, black, orange, purple and others) At the completion the examiner has to ask the client to identify the colors if he is unable to identify it indicates color blindness and other problems it will affect the validity.

12. Details about the drawing Examiner would ask following formal questions for every drawing: Phase II

13. Person Is that man or a women? How old is he? Who is he? she? What he is doing? ( where he is doing this) What does he fee? (why) What sort of person he is? What is the weather like in this picture? What deos the person need the most? What kind of clothing does that person have on? Phase 2: detailing

14. Tree What kind of tree is that? How old is that tree? Is this tree is alive/ dead? (Which part is died, cause of death, hope for life if yes when) What does this tree look more like to you; 9 a man or a woman)? What is the weather like in this picture? Show me in what direction the wind is blowing? What does that tree needs the most (why)?

15. House 1. How many stories this house have? 2. Whose house is that? 3. If it is your home; which room will you like to live in? whom you like to have live with you? 4. What is the weather like in this picture? 5. What does the house need the most

16. There are two methods for the scoring and interpretation of HTP: 1.Quantitative scoring and analysis 2.Qualitative analysis and interpretation Phase I II: INTERPRETATION OF HTP TEST:

17. Qualitative analysis and interpretation: This is the most productive for valuable way for diagnosis and personality assessment It involves the evaluation of : Graphic productions form the major stand points of the details The verbal phase (post drawing interrogation phase) The total concepts ( graphic and verbal)

18. Client responses are organized under 8 categories General Observations Proportion Perspective Detailing Nonessential Details Irrelevant Details Line Quality Use of Color

19. Qualitative scoring criteria based on four major portions: Detail Proportion Perspective Line quality Tome consumption Color

20. A. details Interpretation

21. Details: A. Type and Quality: 1. Relevant details: a) Essential: House must have 1 door, window, wall and roof and chimney Tree must have trunk and at least one branch Person must have head, trunk, two legs and two arms For facial characteristics : 2 eyes, a nose ears and mouth Absence of even single essential regarded as serious Excessive use of details implies over concern with that detail

22. Details: A. Type and Quality: b) Non essential details: secondary details that enrich the drawing In House : window curtains, furniture, decoration materials For tree : foliage, branch system, bark etc For person: neck, hands, feet hair and clothing Limited use of these details implies good reality testing and well balanced interaction with environment Excessive use indicates pathoformic over concerned with environment

23. Details: A. Type and Quality: 2. Irrelevant details: They are not integral part of the drawing 1 . Nearby irrelevant details: For house: near by pathways, shrubs For tree: grass, birds perched on branches For the person : ball, dog on the leach and bicycle etc 2. Distant irrelevant details : sun, moon, clouds, background mountains, birds etc Limited use indicated mild insecurity to structure the situation Excessive use indicates pathoformic and anxiety related to that detailing area

24. Details: A. Type and Quality: 3. Bizarre details: Suggests personality disorders Use by Subjects whose reality testing is pathologically deficient Examples: Human legs supporting house Eyes, nose and mouth draws upon the sun etc

25. Details: B. Presentation Method 1. One dimensional Use by relatively low- grade mental defectives 2. Two dimensional: Most dull average to average adult Less imaginative and less flexible adult 3 . Full shading : Quite normal in case if showing wall material, or tree bark or foliage or persons clothing 4 . Partial shading: Shaded diagonally to show the walls or trunk and bark or shades of persons dress

26. Details: B. Presentation Method Interpretation guide lines: Healthy shading : produces lightly with few random strokes Indicates; high level of intellectual function, high level of sensitivity in relationships Unhealthy shading : unwarranted use of time, excessive force, inferior control and heavy shading Indicates: unfortunate hypersensitivity at worst and crippling anxiety

27. C. Details sequence House Mostly begins with house wall and roof and than baselines Insecure subjects draw two chimneys, two windows and two doors Pathological sequence for house is :door and windows of ground floor was the last: implies a distance for inter-personal contacts and tendency of with drawl from reality

28. C. Details sequence Tree Normal sequence is : trunk than branches than stem or the foliage Pathological sequence: two dimensional branches without touching the trunk the branches are not attached with each other Branches in vague fashion

29. C. Details sequence Person Normal sequence is: the head features the neck trunk the arms with fingers and hands and than the legs and feet and so on Pathological sequence starts from foot and ends at face Delayed presentation of facial characteristics connote: A tendency to deny receptors of external stimuli Desire to postpone identification of the person as long as possible

30. C. Details sequence If whole drawing does not indicate miss sequence it will not consider as sign of pathology or abnormality It may be intellectual in-capacity or mental defectiveness It may be due to emotional disturbance or organic change because all this cause difficulty in organization

31. D. Emphasis: Positive emphasis: 1. Overtly exhibiting emotion before and after drawing the detail or combination of detail Unusual points should be noted: 2. By presenting a detail or combination of details in the deviant sequential order 3. By exhibiting unusual concern over the presentation of whole or part of detail by:

32. Positive emphasis: D. Emphasis: By erasing excessively when erasure is not followed by improvement By returning to some specific detail again and again after its completion By using excessive time in drawing a detail or parts of that detail

33. D. Emphasis: 4 . Giving details in bizarre manner ( drawing arms producing from head) by dull or low intelligent 5. by perseveration ( change or add the shapes in the drawing or draw beyond the limits) 6. On asking question , give frank or detailed answer to examiner

34. D. Emphasis: 7. Using traumatic detailing Tree trunk bearing a jagged scar or deep scars On detailing they will asked about these scars and they will hesitate to answer indicate the traumatic experiences in their life's It may regard as incident in early childhood Negative emphasis By omitting one or more essential details By presenting incompletely a detail or part of detail By commenting evasively, or flattery refusing to comment

35. Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details: House: portrays psychological self portrait Associations concerning home-life Interfamilial relationships. Attitude toward their home situation (children) Relationships to parents and siblings.

36. Peripheral walls and boundaries indicates peripheral boundaries of personality Over emphasis on boundary lines indicate conscious effort to maintain control If first detail is baseline on ground and it is reinforced implies feeling of insecurity Faint peripheral lines show inadequate, feeling of impending breakdown and weak ego control Meticulous detailing indicates obsessive compulsive tendencies Meticulous(extremely accurate way/ excessive care in consideration of details) Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details:

37. Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details: Roof : indicates thinking and fantasy Emphasis on eaves by reinforcement or extension indicates over defensive, usually suspicious attitude Door or doors is mode of ingress and egress Front door is accessibility Back and side door egress (escape) emphasis on doors facing (locks, hinges) indicative of defensive sensitivity Emphasis on door knob indicates over consciousness of door function phallic preoccupation

38. Windows: provides less modes of interaction than doors Multiplicity or window with interstices implies that for subject the room behind the window is prison Many windows without shade or curtains indicates subject tends to behave bluntly and he will mot mask his feelings Multiplicity with shades or curtain to only specific windows indicate over concern about interaction with environment and interrogation is needed by examiner Decorated with(curtains, shutters & shades) which are not shut implies controlled interaction with anxiety & over defensiveness Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details:

39. Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details: General emphasis on windows and doors by reinforcement indicates over interaction but suspiciousness Emphasis on windows lock: implies over defensive attitude Sexually maladjusted draw windows and doors as oral vaginal or rectal substitutes Easily and non compulsively drawn indicates mild awareness of difference and good capacity for well balanced interaction with environment

40. Interpretation of house ( detailing) A. Relevant details: Chimney : quickly, easily and well drawn implies subjects satisfactory sensual maturity and balance Omission of chimney is not serious maladjustment Over emphasis on chimney as ( size enhancement, reinforcement, difficulty in presentation ( excessive erasure), mal placement, or bizarre presentation is considers as serious

41. Interpretation of house ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: Generally irrelevant details indicate subject tends to structure environment more completely connotes the feeling of in security and inadequacy The more the over emphasis on irrelevant details the more the pathoformicity ( nearby irrelevant details) Mid wall line: horizontally or vertically indicate undesirable compartmentalization with any personality Ground line : discussed Walkways: Wide and direct to the door: accessible personality V. long walkway: lessened personality Trees: indicates the person important for subject ( positively or negatively)

42. Interpretation of house ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: ( nearby irrelevant details) Shrubs: (like trees they represents persons in subjects life) indicate need to erect defensive barriers, to make contact with others Flowers: usually made by schizoid or very small child Shadows: depict conflicting situation produces anxiety Shadow on ground indicates reality on the conscious area Shadow before the sun indicates subconscious recognition of something conflicting Degrading details: large garbage can in front of house or another house better than his own indicates bizarre , feeling of hostility

43. Interpretation of house ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: Distant details Sun: represent the figure of great authority or emotional valance may be positive or negative in his environment Clouds: indicates generalized anxiety mountains: in back ground indicates defensive attitude and need for dependence (often maternal dependence) Rain or snow: need for graphic expression of subjects feelings Subject is facing oppressive environmental pressures

44. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. relevant details: Branch system: subject source of seeking satisfaction from environment Absolute symmetry of branches indicates inability to grant dominance to others Detached branches : difficulty in communication Broken/ dead branches : traumatic experiences Trunk: indicates basic strength ego Reinforced peripheral lines : continues need to maintain integrity Faint peripheral lines : feeling of impeding breakdown

45. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. relevant details: Bark : indicates well balanced interaction heavily shaded indicated anxiety meticulously & pain staking produced indicate compulsive over concerned with his relationships Vines: vines on the trunk indicates the subjects feeling: He Is loosing or lost control of certain compelling drives Others are aware that he has forbidden ideas/ needs Scars : on trunk severely traumatic incidents

46. Fruits: usually drawn by children and pregrents Leaves: cosmetic and functional Indicate most immediate direct contact with the environment Drawn meticulously and pain stakingly : obsessive compulsive tendencies are present Nearby Ground line : box like having no contact with tree : reality testing is inadequate Arc like ground line elevation at centre indicates maternal dependence , helplessness Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. relevant details:

47. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: Nearby Shadow: indicates anxiety and unsatisfying relationship in past Birds and animals: occasionally subject indicate bird or animals with a person with high positive or negative valance for him Example a squirrel head is producing from trunk hole implies personality problem, unhappy subject or obsessive guilt feeling

48. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: Person near tree : rarely done Severely disturbed people can draw that any one is destroying the tree with axe in his hand or tree is laying down due to that person Human face in branch structure indicates strong negative valance towards that face Other trees: pathological draw two dimensional more trees spontaneously

49. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. irrelevant details : A child may draw two and indicate as one his mother and other his father Roots : which taper easily and gently into ground imply god reality contact Talon like roots that seems to clutch the ground indicate strong paranoid, aggressive attitudes

50. Interpretation of tree ( detailing) B. irrelevant details: Distant details Sun: same interpretation as In the house Distant all irrelevant details will be same as the house

51. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Head : represent the area of intelligence( control and fantasy) Emphasis on peripheral lines for head : stronger effort to maintain an acceptable social front Emphasis on face implies : conscious effort to maintain an acceptable social front Eyes : ( receptors of visual stimuli) Eyes as hollow sockets : ( no eyeball or pupil) : reluctance to accept stimuli Eyes drawn closed : stronger desire to avoid unpleasant visual stimuli Complete omission of eyes: pathological and visual hallucination

52. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Nose: ( over emphasis): phallic preoccupation and castration fear (impotency fear) Ears ( over emphasis): usually indicates paranoid Over whelming desire to hear distantly what others say about them Under-emphasis: indicates desire to shut criticism Omission : possible auditory hallucinations Some normal individuals omit ears due to low intelligence

53. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Schizophrenic drew person eyes only ignore other facial characteristics indicate suspicious watchfulness Absence of nose, ears and mouth symbolizes limited contact with reality Absence of mouth: reluctance to communicate

54. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Chin: muscularity symbol Over emphasis indicate need for dominance, often social more than sexual Under emphasis: feeling of impotence, again often more social than sexual Hair: gives expression of virility and virility striving Hair on chest of nude male : subjects seems very expressive Heavily shaded hair: anxiety over thinking or fantasy

55. Long and un-shaded hair: highly ambivalent fantasy concerning sexual matters) (ambivalent :simultaneously contradictory attitude feelings towards a person or thing Beard and mustaches : symbolizes phallic substitutes Neck: area joining the ( head: control area) and the body ( so called impulse area Neck is the coordination area b/w head and body Omission of neck: implies conflict between control and expression of emotion omission of chin line: unhappily free flow of body drives and lack of adequate control Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details:

56. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Trunk: seat of basic physical needs and drives Absence : denial of body derives Shoulders : expression of subject feeling of basic strength and power Over emphasis of breasts of female( by male subject): Oral eroticism and maternal dependence If subject is female : exhibitionism and narcissism and maternal dependence

57. Interpretation of person ( detailing) B. relevant details: Arms: tools for attempting to control or make changes in the environment Omission of arms: (if subject is not mentally defected) indicates: strong feeling of inadequacy Suicidal tendencies Powerful castration fears would be suspected Arms look like wings without fingers: drawn by schizophrenic

58. Interpretation of person (detailing) (B. relevant details) Hands : tools for offensive and defensive action within the environment Omission : high level of feeling of inadequacy Heavily shaded hands : ( patho-gnomonic sign) (specifically characteristic of indicative of a particular disease or condition of masturbatory guilt Light shade is not interpreted (its normal) Spike like fingers with rudimentary hand or drawn as protruding from the end of forearm : connote hostility ( fight)

59. Petal like presentation: infantile childish presentation) Fingers enclosed by looping line : suppression of aggressive impulses Drawing fingers at very last in the drawing : marked reluctance to make immediate and intimate contact with environment Also indicate desire to avoid revealing feelings of inadequacy Waistline: coordinator of the power drives ( upper trunk) and sexual drives (lower trunk) Interpretation of person (detailing) (B. relevant details)

60. Interpretation of person (detailing) (B. relevant details) Over emphasis (showed by difficulty in drawing a belt, or by heavily shaded belt): implies strong conflict between expression and control of sex drives Frank presentations of the genitals: will not considered abnormal if client is young child Reason Drawing carefully outlined genitals of a nude person is more pathoformic Than: drawing a nude full faced without identifying sexual characteristics neither is regarded as healthy both for children and adults

61. Interpretation of person (detailing) (B. relevant details) Buttocks: ( emphasis by male subject in making male person): implies homosexual impulses Example :a sexually maladjusted male adult draw nude male, omitted genitals and spend much time in decorating person with large deeply shaded neck tie : a phallic substitute Legs: implements for locomotion : indicates subjects view of his autonomy with his environment Absence of legs: strong feeling of constriction and castration feelings Emphasis on knee (outlining knee-cap): indicate homo sexual tendencies

62. Interpretation of person (detailing) (B. relevant details) Feet ( refined tools for modifying & controlling locomotion) at times used as assaultive weapons Many psychologists believe feet to be phallic substitutes Omission of feet: strong feeling of constriction Over detailing of feet: e.g. minute detailing of shoe laces toe design on shoes : indicates obsessive characteristics with narcissistic- exhibitionistic component

63. Interpretation of person (detailing) B. relevant details) Clothing Certain items of clothing appear t o be specific implications: Belt : overemphasis indicates sexual preoccupation Tie: over emphasis connotes phallic preoccupation and subjects feeling of impotence Buttons: multiplicity of buttons by average or higher intelligence suggests regression ( drawn by child indicates strong dependence on mother)

64. Interpretation of person (detailing) B. relevant details) Positions Person squatting on the ground clad only in lion cloth: indicates a view of one too busy in contemplating to be concerned with worldly affairs that are conflicting for him Person clad in uncommon fancy dress or military uniform: Indicates subject has well developed feelings of superiority over his fellow man Or powerful need fore dominance coupled with feelings of inferiority

65. (detailing) B. irrelevant details) Some details are irrelevant but they have to interpret like: Cigar, a pipe, a cigarette indicate mild eroticism Cans, swords, axes as weapons indicates aggressive tendencies

66. Progress in therapy As depression ,manic or schizophrenics getting therapy will progress their drawings For example they would nit give bizarre details

67. B. Proportion Interpretation

68. Proportion A. Draw whole to drawing form Evaluation of size of house tree person w.r.t page from stand point of average there are two deviation: 1. The whole occupies extremely small available space Indicates Feelings of inadequacy, a tendency to withdraw environment 2. The whole occupies almost all the allotted space, even chopped out the page margins Schizophrenics: show there limited interaction with environment by drawing tiny wholes

69. Proportion A. Draw whole to drawing form Space constriction ( draw v large whole) Indicates Feeling of great frustration produced by restrictive environment Feeling of hostility Desire to react aggressively usually against the environment Feeling of great tension and irritability When legs or feet are chopped out side the margin of page: Indicating feeling of hopelessness immobility Represents ego centric Huge tree with large house: over compensatory satisfaction-seeking in action or in fantasy Also indicates hypersensitivity

70. Proportion B. intra whole Identification and interpretation of any unusual size relationship detail to another detail HOUSE Roof overly large in relation to other details of house indicates subject devotes much time to fantasy, presumably seeking satisfaction therein Horizontal dimension is more emphasized as compare to vertical indicates: subject functioning and efficiently past or future is interfering In case vertical in overly emphasized: satisfaction presumably is sought in fantasy, minimum contact with reality

71. Proportion B. intra whole Extremely tiny door : Like rat hole portrays reluctance to contact and inadequacy A larger door more than whole but still small Implies less reluctance Very large door: suggests over dependence and over concerned Windows: may varying size without pathoformicity Very huge chimney: subject is over concerned about virility and well developed exhibitionistic tendencies

72. Disproportionately tiny chimney: subject feels home situation lacks satisfying warmth It may indicates doubts about masculinity or castration fears Walkway very narrow at junctions with the house and very broad and farthest from the house: Connotes attempt to cloak with the apparent but superficial friendliness and desire to remain aloof Proportion B. intra whole

73. Very slender or tiny trunk and large branch structure Implies Precarious personality due to excessive satisfaction seeking Small branch structure with much large trunk Implies Precarious personality due to inability to satisfy strong basic needs trunk with broad base and slender a short distance above the base Implies Early environment lack of healthful stimulation The trunk narrower at base than higher points Implies Strongly pathoformic sign, striving beyond the subject strength from possible collapse of ego control Proportion B. intra whole Tree

74. Well adjusted people of superior intelligence net draw person with disproportionately large drawings Disproportionately small head : mostly made by OCD”S It may represent obsessive expression of desire to deny to sight of painful thoughts and guilt feelings Disproportionately small eyes : desire to see as little as possible Overly large mouth: oral eroticism and oral aggressive tendencies Long thin neck: schizoid tendencies Proportion B. intra whole person

75. Disproportionately large trunk: presence of many un satisfies drives that subject feels acutely Disproportionately small trunk : denial of body drives or feeling of inferiority tall narrow trunk: carried schizoid connotations Shoulder: index of feeling of basic strength or power physical as well as psychological Disproportionally large shoulders : feeling of strength & over concern about need for strength and power Tiny shoulders : feeling of inferiority Proportion B. intra whole person

76. Marked difference b/w right and left side of body: sexual role confusion specifically and personality imbalance in general Inequality in arms and shoulder size: personality imbalance Overly long arms: implies over ambitious striving V. short arms: connote basic feeling of strength for striving Thin arms : portray feeling of weakness Disproportionally large hands: imply impulsivity & ineptitude in more refined aspects of social intercourse Tiny hands: reluctance to make refined and intimate contacts in psycho-social intercourse Proportion B. intra whole person

77. Disproportionally long legs: connotes strong striving for autonomy Very short legs: imply feeling of constriction Disparity in size ( width, length, or both) between legs implies ambivalence concerning the striving for autonomy or dependence Long feet: need for security & need to demonstrate virility Disproportionally tiny feet: imply constriction and dependence Proportion B. intra whole person

78. It is not expected that all proportional relationships are consistent Marked deviation from average should be interpreted The greater the number of wholes In which deviant proportional relationship is there. More Will be more generalized as disturbance presumed to be Proportion C. consistency

79. Hypertensive, hostile and often aggressive improve as: The whole becomes smaller Intra whole proportions improve As therapy succeeds for subject exhibited withdrawals or depressive tendencies : The whole becomes larger Intra whole proportions will be improved Proportion Progress in therapy

80. C. Perspective Interpretation

81. Perspective (spatial relationships In drawings) Indicates the ability to grasp React successfully to the tough, complex and abstract aspects of life It also measures the insight of the subject

82. A. Whole to drawing from page relationship horizontal axis Left of the midpoint indicates that subject tends to behave impulsively, and to seek immediate, frank and emotional satisfaction of his needs and drives Right from the mid point subject exhibit stable, rigidly controlled behavior and willing to delay the immediate satisfaction of needs and desires Perspective (spatial relationships In drawings)

83. Vertical axis Below the average midpoint indicates insecure and inadequate and depressive feelings If the whole drawing is below the average it indicates the constricted personality Paper margins: Paper topping indicates fixation upon thinking and fantasy as source of satisfaction Paper siding indicates insecurity Paper siding for tree implies space constriction , high sensitivity and aggressive- reactive tendencies Paper siding of house and person indicates basic insecurity

84. Paper chopping: for a part of house indicates the unpleasant feeling related to that part of house or its customary occupant Paper chopping is case of tree indicates desire to seek fantasy satisfaction and denied reality Amputation of feet or part of legs indicates helpless immobility or top of the house indicates pathology Paper margins: On whole drawing paper chopped from one side and paper siding from other side indicates the feeling of hyper sensitivity and loss of control

85. C. Intra-whole Interpretation of spatial relationship of detail to detail and detail to whole House Roof the house extended from ground indicates fantasy usually made by schizophrenics Huge chimney unattached to house beside the house indicate phallic preoccupation and inability to accept his sexual desires Door is v above the baseline of house and not assessed by the stairs indicates the person is inaccessible The higher the door the more remote the relationships A irrelevant tree close the house indicates the string rejection from parents and great need for affection And in case of shrubs he needs acceptance from his siblings

86. C. Intra-whole Tree The greater the flexibility of the tree structure the greater the ability to attain satisfaction from the environment Branch structure leaning to the left indicates imbalance in personality in desire to get frank Branches leaning towards right indicates fear to be frank emotional expression with the environment branches reaching towards the sun indicates need for affection Sun drawn below the tree indicates bizarre production

87. C. Intra-whole Person Person drawn with its back indicates strong is pathoformic ( paranoid-schizoid-withdrawal) The positions of ears ( extended vertically or horizontally indicates the suspiciousness of listening) Nose is turned up indicates phallic preoccupation Neatly rounded shoulders indicates a well balanced expression of power Sharply squared shoulders connote over defensive, hostile attitudes Relaxed arms indicates good adjustment Tense arms suggests rigidity If legs are drawn tightly together with rigidity and tension are patent indicates sexual maladjustment

88. C. Intra-whole Person If legs are chopped by bottoms edge subjects feels lack of autonomy Feet in Tip-toe state connote tenuous grasp upon reality or strong need for flight Feet opposite in opposite directions indicate ambivalent feelings

89. D. Transparency Transparencies implies a failure of critical function The pathological significance depends upon which part is transparent and their gravity In case of house: Transparency of walls indicate serious violation of reality Common in mental defectives and disturbed adults If chimney is transparent & no depth indicates phallic denial and feeling of impotence and castration (impotent or deprive of vitality psychologically In case of tree: Roots showed as ground is transparent indicates pathology

90. D. Transparency In case of person: Pathology indicates when heart and lungs and other internal organs are visible But arm seen through a covering sleeve is normal

91. E. movement Motion due to wind or moving person are quite normal Following things should be considered while interpreting movement The intensity or violation of motion The pleasantness and un pleasantness in the motion The degree to which the movement is voluntary

92. E. movement House Walls flying off, walls toping of is expression f collapse ego as result of extra personal and intra personal pressures Smoke rising straight up from chimney to one side indicates environmental pressures if smoke is moving from page right to left implies that subject presumed future pessimistically House in motion ( as tilting or collapsing) indicates psychological pathology

93. E. movement Tree Tree is bending on one side due to wind indicates the extreme environmental pressures But he still resists and struggles to maintain the balance Barren Tree is broken and of halfway up from the ground, tree tip touching the ground indicates shattered ego Falling branches indicates subject is loosing ability to cope with the environment person

94. E. movement Person Movement of person is of pathological indicates satisfactorily adjustment Person walking easily indicates good adjustment Controlled running implies need to achieve Epileptic subject draw falling person with seizure

95. Consistency w.r.t perspective Absolute consistency indicates pathology A reasonable consistency needed But unfortunately reasonable amount is not objectively defined

96. D. Line quality Interpretation

97. Line quality A. Motor control: Normal person can draw straight or curved lines easily His lines will free-flowing and controlled Impairment in motor control indicate personality maladjustment and organic disorder But this will interpret according to occupation

98. B. Force: Heavy black lines in whole drawing indicates generalized tension If heavy lines are only used I specific area it indicates fixation (hand indicates the feeling of guilt) Heavy peripheral lines indicates that subjects is striving to maintain ego integrity Extremely faint lines feeling of inadequacy by indecision and fear of defeat Faint lines for specific details indicates reluctance to express some specific feeling related to them If lines becomes fainter from house to person indicated anxiety and depression

99. C. Type Decisive, free flowing and well controlled lines imply good adjustment Curving lines is healthy sign Broken and indecisive lines indicates pathoformic Rigid straight lines is overt expression of internal rigidity D. Consistency normality: House need straight lines Person needs curved lines Tree needs combination of curved and starlight Variation from conventional type indicates pathoformic

100. E. Time consumption Interpretation

101. Consumed time vs. quality of drawing Superiority of the drawing will be related to time If time is less than 2 minutes and more than 30 min it indicates abnormal factor is interfering Schizophrenics can go to both extremes Less time : to get rid of unpleasant test More time: obvious reluctance to produce anything Intense emotional significance Manic and OCD patients will also take a lot of time to produce irrelevant details or all relevant details

102. B. Initial latency: Anastasi and Foley said that abnormal tended to have longer initial latency than normal's If the subjects delays after 30 seconds of instructions t indicates conflict, pathoformic and it should be identified In detailing C. Intra whole pause Cessation of drawing for more than few seconds More than 5 seconds will indicate conflict The part at which subject stopped will provide clue That specific are will be indicate the conflict

103. D. Comment pause In detailing or questioning if subject pauses it indicate blocking The subject is too concrete for abstract imagination The subject is over imaginative he has difficulty in choosing what to share Follow up questioning needed E. Consistency The subject has to reasonable consistency in the drawing

104. Characteristics of healthy drawing Security and self confidence There are grounded drawing. Place in the centre of the page. Potential for movement, not rigid postures. Line quality is firm, not sketchy. Openness Potentially interact with environment postures is open. Stability and order of the drawing. Sexual identification Sexual identify should be clear either it is male or female.

105. Indicators for maladjustment Omissions Transparency Distortion Vertical imbalance of stance Head simplification Body simplification Poor overall quality Sexual differentiation and elaboration.

106. Color Interpretation