how to be a good speaker and aspect aspect that include

How to public speaking

1. THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF TEACHING
AND LEARNING SPEAKING
Nadhira Septiani
Nailah Salma
Nur Azizah
Rachma Assyfa
(THE NATURE OF SPEAKING)
1
st
Group

2. Definition Of Speaking
Speaking is defined as "the act of creating and
exchanging meaning using both verbal and
non-verbal symbols, across various situations"
(Chaney, 1998, p. 13)
According to Bailey in Puspitasari( 2011), “
Speaking is a productive audial/oral skill
consists of producing methodical verbal
utterances to convey meaning..” It means,
speaking is a productive skill of conveying
meaning through utterances.

3. B.Indicators of Speaking
Skill (Linguistic Aspects)
01
1. Comprehension
is one of the different elements of
spoken or written language, like the
meaning of words and how they are
used in context.
2. Pronountations
includes the ability to produce
individual sounds and stress
patterns of a language, word and
sentence stress, intonation,
rhythm, and the use of individual
sounds of a language.

4. 3. Grammar
Provides important structure for
spoken language, such as an
understanding of tenses and the
correct way to structure
sentences
4.Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the words and
exposes in articulation, and it is
related to the delivery of
utterances fluently

5. 5. Fluency
It refers to the ability to
speak comfortably and
confidently in a language,
without hesitation or
repetition.
6. Accuracy
how correct learners' use of the
language system is, including
their use of grammar,
pronunciation, and vocabulary.

6. 7. Speed of Speech
Here are some key points from the search results:
• The average conversation rate for English
speakers in the United States is about 150 words per minute.
• Conversational speech generally falls between 120
wpm at the slow end, to 160 -200 wpm in the fast range.
• Speaking too fast can make speech harder to
understand, while speaking too slowly can also have a
negative impact on intelligibility.
• The ultimate goal is to speak at a conversational
pace, which typically ranges from around 140 to 170 words
per minute.
• Speaking at a steady pace is important to keep the
audience engaged and to ensure that they can understand
and retain the information being presented.

7. 8. Sentence Length
Here are some key points from the search results:
• The average sentence length for both US and UK
speeches decreases linearly with time, with the slope of 0.13 ±
0.03 words/year and, on average, the sentence length is 2331 ±
355 for the US and 5434 ±774 for the UK.
• Sentence length can impact speech rate, articulation
rate, and pause time, with longer sentences leading to slower
speech rates and longer pause times.
• Sentence length can be used as a measure of
language development, with mean length of utterance (MLU)
often used to measure how well a child's language skills are
developing.
• Increasing sentence length is a common goal in
speech therapy for children with short MLU.

8. Teaching speaking cycle 02
The Teaching-Speaking Cycle, which is a
pedagogical framework for teaching
speaking skills, comprises of seven stages ;
The first stage, involves directing learners'
attention towards speaking, where the
teacher raises their awareness of learning to
speak in a second language.
1. Encouraging learners to plan for overall
speaking development
2. Preparing learners to approach a specific
speaking task:

9. In the second stage, the teacher provides input
and/or guides planning to help students acquire
relevant vocabulary, accurate language forms,
and understand social and linguistic
conventions of speech for specific contexts
Provides important structure for spoken
language, such as an understanding of tenses
and the correct way to structure sentences

10. The third stage,focuses on conducting speaking tasks to
develop core speaking skills (pronunciation, speech function,
interaction/discourse management, discourse organization)
and enhance fluency in expressing meaning.
The fourth stage,involves concentrating on language,
discourse, skills, and strategies, with the goals of acquiring
appropriate vocabulary, understanding social and linguistic
conventions, and employing oral communication strategies.

11. Definition Of Speaking
In the sixth stage,learners reflect on their own
learning, self-regulate their performance, and
monitor their overall development.
The seventh stage,focuses on providing
feedback to develop meta-cognitive
awareness about second language speaking,
including self-regulation and self-awareness.

12. Component of second Language
speaking competence
03
●The initial element, termed"Knowledge of
Language and Discourse," necessitates proficiency
in the language's phonetic patterns (in English, the
ability to articulate the language clearly at both
individual and higher linguistic levels)
●"Core Speaking Skills" involves developing the
capacity to process speech rapidly to enhance
fluency (e.g., speech pace, grouping, pauses,
formulaic expressions, and discourse markers).

13. ●"Communication Strategies,"entails the cultivation of cognitive
strategies to compensate for language knowledge limitations
It is crucial for instructors to systematically guide learners,
introducing activities that are interconnected and sequenced,
enabling learners to become aware of the knowledge, skills, and
strategies required for different types of interactions and
discourse.

14. Function of Speaking04
Mastering speaking skills in English is a priority for many second
and foreign language learners.Several language experts have
attempted to categorize the functions of speaking in human
interaction.
1)Speakingasinteraction
2)Talkingasinteraction
3)Speakingasperformance

15. QnA
Section