How to counsel children in psychological context

Child counselling

1. Child counselling training Smamdhana Counselling Centre- Bangalore

2. What is Child Development?

3. Intellectual Disability INTRODUCTION

4. What is intellectual disability? An intellectual disability is when limitations in your mental abilities affect intelligence, learning and everyday life skills. The effects of this can vary widely. Some people may experience minor effects but still live independent lives. Others may have severe effects and need lifelong assistance and support. A common misconception is that intellectual disability is just a limitation on intelligence as assessed by a simple IQ test. An IQ test is only one piece of information. In the American Psychiatric Association’s  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition text revision (DSM-5-TR) , the formal name for this condition is “intellectual developmental disorder.” Although for many individuals, the exact cause of their intellectual disability is unknown, many cases of intellectual disability happen because of differences in brain development. Less commonly, they can develop because of brain damage from an illness, injury or other events when a person is younger than 18 years old.

5. Example of tests for Calculating Intelligence Quotient: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. NIEPID Indian Test of Intelligence. Psychological tests are administered and scored by trained evaluators.

6. Intelligence-related symptoms “Intelligence” is the umbrella term for your ability to understand and interact with the world around you. It goes beyond the traditional language and math skills an IQ test measures. Intelligence-related symptoms of intellectual disability can mean you have any of the following: Delayed or slowed learning of any kind (such as in school or from real-life experiences). Slowed reading speed. Difficulties with reasoning and logic. Problems with judgment and critical thinking. Trouble using problem-solving and planning abilities. Distractibility and difficulty focusing.

7. Adaptive behaviors Adaptive behaviors revolve around abilities and learned skills you need to live and support yourself independently. Symptoms of adaptive behavior-related limitations can mean you have any of the following: Slower learning of toilet training and self-care activities (bathing, dressing, etc.). Slower social development. Little or no fear or apprehension of new people (lack of “stranger danger” behaviors). Needing help from parental figures or other caregivers with basic daily activities (bathing, using the bathroom, etc.) past the expected age. Difficulty learning how to do chores or other common tasks. Trouble understanding concepts like time management or money. Needing help managing healthcare appointments or medications. Trouble understanding social boundaries. Difficulty with or limited understanding of social interactions, including friendships and romantic relationships.

8. What causes intellectual disability? Intellectual disabilities can happen for many reasons. Experts also suspect that in many cases, there are multiple causes and contributing factors. Causes and contributing factors can influence the development of intellectual disability before or during birth or during the earliest years of childhood.

9. Prebirth causes or contributing factors include, but aren’t limited to, the following: Genetics and inheritance . Many conditions that cause intellectual disability happen because of  genetic mutations . Some of these mutations can be passed from generation to generation. Examples include  Down syndrome ,  Fragile X syndrome  or  Prader-Willi syndrome . Infections . Some infections — like  toxoplasmosis  and  rubella  — can disrupt fetal development, resulting in conditions that can cause intellectual disability, such as  cerebral palsy . Teratogens . These are substances that can disrupt fetal development. Examples include alcohol, tobacco, certain medications, radiation exposure and more. Medical conditions . Having certain medical conditions while pregnant can cause developmental differences in a fetus. Those can later result in intellectual disability. Examples include hormonal conditions like  hypothyroidism .

10. Causes that can happen during birth include: Lack of   oxygen   (hypoxia ). Premature birth . Other types of brain injury during birth .

11. Causes that can happen during early childhood include: Injuries or accidents . These can cause intellectual disability if they result in brain damage. Toxic exposures . Heavy metals like lead and mercury can damage your brain and cause intellectual disability. Infections . Common infections that spread to your nervous system, such as  measles  or  meningitis , can cause intellectual disability. Tumours or growths in the brain . This includes cancers and benign (noncancerous) growths. Medical conditions . Seizures and various types of epilepsy, can cause brain damage. That eventually can cause intellectual disability.

12. Diagnosis and Tests How is it diagnosed? Diagnosing intellectual disability is usually a process that takes multiple steps. That’s because diagnosing it requires assessing your intelligence and adaptive behaviour capabilities. A key part of the diagnosis is understanding strengths, not just challenges. Knowing someone’s strengths can help tailor treatments and interventions to bolster their strengths and help them cope with challenges.

13. Experts classify intellectual disability severity into four categories:

14. How is intellectual disability treated? There’s no way to cure or treat intellectual disability directly. With good treatment, individuals with intellectual disability can have a good quality of life. The treatments focus on helping with adaptive behaviors and life skills. Management and Treatment

15. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER INTRODUCTION

16. What is autism spectrum disorder? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is described as a “developmental disorder” because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life. 

17. WHAT IS AUTISM

18. 🞂​ Remember risk is not Cause. What Risks Autism

19. Definition and Scope of Autism Spectrum Disorder: ASD encompasses several conditions that were previously considered separate, including autism, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and an unspecified form of pervasive developmental disorder. The inclusion of these conditions under the ASD umbrella reflects the understanding that they share common characteristics and are part of a spectrum of related disorders. It is worth noting that some individuals still use the term "Asperger's syndrome" to refer to a milder form of ASD.

20. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in India is estimated to be around 1 in 68 children. This is higher than the global estimate of 1% and lower than the US estimate of 1.7%.

21. Social Interaction Communication Restricted range Not maintain eye contact Prefer to be left alone Problems in comprehension Reversal of pronoun Stereotypes Self stimulatory behavior

22. Cerebral Palsy INTRODUCTION

23. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological condition that can present as issues with muscle tone,  posture  and/or a  movement disorder . It’s the result of damage to your brain during fetal development or another developmental disability that affects the way your brain develops. The signs and symptoms of CP appear early in childhood and can vary widely from person to person.

24. The severity of symptoms can vary significantly. Some people only have minor problems, while others may be severely disabled.

25. Treatments for cerebral palsy There's currently no cure for cerebral palsy, but treatments are available to help people with the condition be as active and independent as possible. Treatments include: physiotherapy  – techniques such as exercise and stretching to help maintain physical ability and hopefully improve movement problems speech therapy to help with speech and communication, and swallowing difficulties occupational therapy  – where a therapist identifies problems that you or your child have carrying out everyday tasks, and suggests ways to make these easier medicine for muscle stiffness and other difficulties in some cases, surgery to treat movement or growth problems A team of healthcare professionals will work with you to come up with a treatment plan that meets your or your child's needs.

26. THANK YOU BY Shachi Rani