How to penetrate Dependent Co-arising.pdf
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Jun 20, 2024
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About This Presentation
How to penetrate Dependent Co-arising
Slide Content
Dhamma –Dependent Co-arising
Compiled by -sumants
Compiled by -sumants
1/13/2022 2
Topics to be discussed
1.Context on World(s)
2.Middle Way
3.Context on Sanskara
4.Dependent Co-arising
5.Ignorance
6.Everything I do
7.Name and Form
8.Thirst
9.Unhappiness
10.Noble Eight-fold path
Topics to be discussed
1.Context on World(s)
2.Middle Way
3.Context on Sanskara
4.Dependent Co-arising
5.Ignorance
6.Everything I do
7.Name and Form
8.Thirst
9.Unhappiness
10.Noble Eight-fold path
What is this World, why we exist?
The world is an endless life continuum (samsara), created
by our ignorance and fettered by thirst, and it unfolds
through multiple cycles of rebirth based on the kamma
performed which take you on to a higher or lower realm of
existence if kamma was skillful vs unskillful.
The consciousness, intention and desire of sentient beings—
hindered by ignorance and fettered by thirst—is established
in a new realm. That’s how there is rebirth into a new state of
existence in the future.
So we exist (The world had evolved once more)…and keep
life continuum rolling. Liberation from where is defined in the
Dependent co-arising
World is destined for a doer, everything here including your
mind invites to do something, even if you can restraint from
most of sensations, they keep coming in it’s a slippery slope
and ones falls into the traps of desire and thirst here.
Mind also has this tendency of creating something from
nothing trying to derive some meaning, personalizing
phenomenon, and finding what to do, whatever it does
creates problem, wisdom is anattaleave the phenomenon
alone
1/13/2022 Ref: AN3.76, AN3.77, DN27, pic 3
The world is an endless life continuum (samsara), created
by our ignorance and fettered by thirst, and it unfolds
through multiple cycles of rebirth based on the kamma
performed which take you on to a higher or lower realm of
existence if kamma was skillful vs unskillful.
The consciousness, intention and desire of sentient beings—
hindered by ignorance and fettered by thirst—is established
in a new realm. That’s how there is rebirth into a new state of
existence in the future.
So we exist (The world had evolved once more)…and keep
life continuum rolling. Liberation from where is defined in the
Dependent co-arising
World is destined for a doer, everything here including your
mind invites to do something, even if you can restraint from
most of sensations, they keep coming in it’s a slippery slope
and ones falls into the traps of desire and thirst here.
Mind also has this tendency of creating something from
nothing trying to derive some meaning, personalizing
phenomenon, and finding what to do, whatever it does
creates problem, wisdom is anattaleave the phenomenon
alone
1/13/2022 Ref: AN3.76, AN3.77, DN27, pic 3
What to do in this world?
There may be more then gazillions views
existing, there are 2 direct ways to go from
here, nothing right or wrong, all views equal
•Keep delightingin sensual pleasures 99.999% of ordinary
person take this way, with realization of name and
material formand the intention an ordinary person soon
personalizes this experience, see himself, the I (who
experiences all the phenomenon) and falls into the
concept of me. I am so, I like so, I do so, and I don’t like so
etc. Following this way, they also must suffer
•Ignorance is strengthened with this way, leading to
infinite choices and strong attachment
•New Realities are created every moment for more
and more delights in sensual pleasures
•And endless cycles of rebirth and unhappiness
•Exit-Noble disciples keep this phenomenon im-personal
and do not build identity of self around it, this saves them
from the phenomenon and brings them to
extinguishment, they choose exit, following the Middle
Waydiscovered by Buddha’s, and reach highest happiness
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.11, AN3.76, AN3.77, SN35.30 4
There may be more then gazillions views
existing, there are 2 direct ways to go from
here, nothing right or wrong, all views equal
•Keep delightingin sensual pleasures 99.999% of ordinary
person take this way, with realization of name and
material formand the intention an ordinary person soon
personalizes this experience, see himself, the I (who
experiences all the phenomenon) and falls into the
concept of me. I am so, I like so, I do so, and I don’t like so
etc. Following this way, they also must suffer
•Ignorance is strengthened with this way, leading to
infinite choices and strong attachment
•New Realities are created every moment for more
and more delights in sensual pleasures
•And endless cycles of rebirth and unhappiness
•Exit-Noble disciples keep this phenomenon im-personal
and do not build identity of self around it, this saves them
from the phenomenon and brings them to
extinguishment, they choose exit, following the Middle
Waydiscovered by Buddha’s, and reach highest happiness
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.11, AN3.76, AN3.77, SN35.30 4
Middle Way
1/13/2022 5
1/13/2022 5
What is the Middle Way?
These two extremes should notbe cultivated by
one who has gone forth. Which two?
•Brahminism way -Indulgence in sensual
pleasures, which is low, crude, ordinary, ignoble,
and pointless
•Jainism and few other’s way -indulgence in
self-mortification, which is painful, ignoble, and
pointless.
•Avoiding these two extremes, the Realized
One woke up by understanding the middle way
of practice, which gives vision and knowledge,
and leads to peace, direct knowledge,
awakening, and extinguishment.
•All the relevant best practices leading to true
happiness were taken from both ways
•And what is that middle way of practice?It is
simply this noble eightfold path
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.11 6
These two extremes should notbe cultivated by
one who has gone forth. Which two?
•Brahminism way -Indulgence in sensual
pleasures, which is low, crude, ordinary, ignoble,
and pointless
•Jainism and few other’s way -indulgence in
self-mortification, which is painful, ignoble, and
pointless.
•Avoiding these two extremes, the Realized
One woke up by understanding the middle way
of practice, which gives vision and knowledge,
and leads to peace, direct knowledge,
awakening, and extinguishment.
•All the relevant best practices leading to true
happiness were taken from both ways
•And what is that middle way of practice?It is
simply this noble eightfold path
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.11 6
Sanskara –pre-context to
Dependent Co-Arising
16 Sanskara -sankhāra -saṃskāra, -
sacraments, rites of passage, in a human
being's life (Veda, Brahiminism, Hinduism)
are noble acts of refinements for
•Active work and engagement for purification and
cleansing of mind and body of character or behavioral
traits, that exist as default from birth (from past lives)
•The psychological concept of Sanskara is also known as
purification of vāsanā (a behavioral tendency or karmic
imprint which influences the present behavior of a
person, a seed)
•Atleast Five oblations are common in all sanskara and
rituals to start and end with
1.For bhu (Agni) fire, heat functioning in body
2.For bhuvas (Vayu) air,vital breathing in body
3.For Suvas(Aditya) sun -whose rays shine on us
provide light and insight
4.For above three together
5.purnahuti -may all this be exactly
accomplished as desired for
•Most of other religions in world today also have some
or other kind of rituals during the lifetime of a person
like this
1/13/2022 Ref: Sanskar Vidhi, Sanskar Vidhi (English) part1,Samskara, Icons 7
Dependent Co-Arising
16 Sanskara -sankhāra -saṃskāra, -
sacraments, rites of passage, in a human
being's life (Veda, Brahiminism, Hinduism)
are noble acts of refinements for
•Active work and engagement for purification and
cleansing of mind and body of character or behavioral
traits, that exist as default from birth (from past lives)
•The psychological concept of Sanskara is also known as
purification of vāsanā (a behavioral tendency or karmic
imprint which influences the present behavior of a
person, a seed)
•Atleast Five oblations are common in all sanskara and
rituals to start and end with
1.For bhu (Agni) fire, heat functioning in body
2.For bhuvas (Vayu) air,vital breathing in body
3.For Suvas(Aditya) sun -whose rays shine on us
provide light and insight
4.For above three together
5.purnahuti -may all this be exactly
accomplished as desired for
•Most of other religions in world today also have some
or other kind of rituals during the lifetime of a person
like this
1/13/2022 Ref: Sanskar Vidhi, Sanskar Vidhi (English) part1,Samskara, Icons 7
Let's understand some re-definitions of old terms?
Buddhism re-defined Brahminism
Kamma –activity performed by body,
speech or mind
Karma –act performed by brahmin doing
yajna on behalf of yajman(someone else)
netaṁmama,nesohamasmi,namesoat
tā’tisamanupassasī -This is not mine; I
am not this, this is not my self used for 5
khandhāsand namarupa
Idam somāya namah idanna mama
Whatever is offered is for Soma only not
for me or mine
Saṅkhārā –everything I doby mind,
speech or body, produces kamma
Sanskar–16 sanskars, sacraments at
different life stages
Upadāna –āhuti-oblation, sacrifice,
performed with everything I do by mind,
speech or body
āhuti–performed with each sanskar,
with vedi and yagna, its compulsory
viññāṇasota-stream of consciousness
where multiple moments of 6 types of
consciousness arise and fall
Ātman -essence, breath, real Self, soul
āṇatta-non-self –5 khandhāswhich we
take it for self
atta -three types of Self -the external
self (body), the inner self (individual soul)
and the highest self (theBrahman,
Paramatma, Purusha)
1/13/2022 8
Buddhism re-defined Brahminism
dhamma–to hold, support: that which forms a
foundation and upholds
1.guṇe (saddo), applied to good conduct;
2.desanāyaŋ, to preaching & moral instruction;
3.pariyattiya, to the 9 foldcollection of the Buddha.
Scriptures (see navanga); sutta, geyya,
veyyākaraṇa, gāthā, udāna, itivuttaka, jātaka,
abbhutadhamma, vedalla
4.nissatte (-nijjīvate), to cosmic (non-animistic) law
dharma–right law, established order,
justice, virtue
bhav –Being, state of being, existence bhav -Being, state of being, existence
Arya–Noble ones, heavily redefined the excellent
the best
Arya –Brahmin, knower of 3 vedas, the
excellent the best
dhātu–Elements are Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Space
and Consciousness. The first fourand anything
derived from the first four is called form
pañca-mahā-bhūta–Elements are
Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space
Realms–surpasses brahma realm to 7
th
plane of
nothingness and beyond
Realms of existence –highest is
brahma realm
Buddhism re-defined Brahminism
Kamma –activity performed by body,
speech or mind
Karma –act performed by brahmin doing
yajna on behalf of yajman(someone else)
netaṁmama,nesohamasmi,namesoat
tā’tisamanupassasī -This is not mine; I
am not this, this is not my self used for 5
khandhāsand namarupa
Idam somāya namah idanna mama
Whatever is offered is for Soma only not
for me or mine
Saṅkhārā –everything I doby mind,
speech or body, produces kamma
Sanskar–16 sanskars, sacraments at
different life stages
Upadāna –āhuti-oblation, sacrifice,
performed with everything I do by mind,
speech or body
āhuti–performed with each sanskar,
with vedi and yagna, its compulsory
viññāṇasota-stream of consciousness
where multiple moments of 6 types of
consciousness arise and fall
Ātman -essence, breath, real Self, soul
āṇatta-non-self –5 khandhāswhich we
take it for self
atta -three types of Self -the external
self (body), the inner self (individual soul)
and the highest self (theBrahman,
Paramatma, Purusha)
1/13/2022 8
Buddhism re-defined Brahminism
dhamma–to hold, support: that which forms a
foundation and upholds
1.guṇe (saddo), applied to good conduct;
2.desanāyaŋ, to preaching & moral instruction;
3.pariyattiya, to the 9 foldcollection of the Buddha.
Scriptures (see navanga); sutta, geyya,
veyyākaraṇa, gāthā, udāna, itivuttaka, jātaka,
abbhutadhamma, vedalla
4.nissatte (-nijjīvate), to cosmic (non-animistic) law
dharma–right law, established order,
justice, virtue
bhav –Being, state of being, existence bhav -Being, state of being, existence
Arya–Noble ones, heavily redefined the excellent
the best
Arya –Brahmin, knower of 3 vedas, the
excellent the best
dhātu–Elements are Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Space
and Consciousness. The first fourand anything
derived from the first four is called form
pañca-mahā-bhūta–Elements are
Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space
Realms–surpasses brahma realm to 7
th
plane of
nothingness and beyond
Realms of existence –highest is
brahma realm
Dependent Co-arising
1/13/2022 9
1/13/2022 9
What is Dependent Co-arising Sequence / Steps?
Table below represents different links of dependent co-arising sequence which is complex and explained further in
individual slides below, generally there is a cause which leads to another stepand most are interlinked
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.1, DN15 10
SN12.1 DN15 DN15unskillful activities
Avijjā -Ignorance
sankhāra-everything I do
Viññāṇa -Consciousness Viññāṇa -Consciousness
nāmarūpa -Name and Form nāmarūpa -Name and Form
saḷāyatana –Six Sense bases
phassa -Contact
vedanā –Sensation vedanā –Sensation
taṇhā –Thirst taṇhā –Thirst taṇhā –Thirst
Upādāna –fueling up Upādāna –fueling up
bhava -Existence, Life bhava -Existence, Life
jarāmaraṇa -Old Age and Deathjarāmaraṇa -Old Age and Death
jāti –Rebirth jāti –Rebirth
Leads to Unskillful activities
Dukkha -Unhappiness Dukkha -Unhappiness Dukkha -Unhappiness
Table below represents different links of dependent co-arising sequence which is complex and explained further in
individual slides below, generally there is a cause which leads to another stepand most are interlinked
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.1, DN15 10
SN12.1 DN15 DN15unskillful activities
Avijjā -Ignorance
sankhāra-everything I do
Viññāṇa -Consciousness Viññāṇa -Consciousness
nāmarūpa -Name and Form nāmarūpa -Name and Form
saḷāyatana –Six Sense bases
phassa -Contact
vedanā –Sensation vedanā –Sensation
taṇhā –Thirst taṇhā –Thirst taṇhā –Thirst
Upādāna –fueling up Upādāna –fueling up
bhava -Existence, Life bhava -Existence, Life
jarāmaraṇa -Old Age and Deathjarāmaraṇa -Old Age and Death
jāti –Rebirth jāti –Rebirth
Leads to Unskillful activities
Dukkha -Unhappiness Dukkha -Unhappiness Dukkha -Unhappiness
Dependent Co-arising
One who sees dependent co-arising
sees the dhamma.One who sees the
dhamma sees dependent co-arising
This dependent co-arising is deep and
appears deep.It is because of not
understanding and not penetrating this
teaching that this population has
become tangled like string, knotted like
a ball of thread, and matted like rushes
and reeds, and it doesn’t escape the
places of loss, the bad places, the
underworld, transmigration
Dependent co-arising is deep, hard to
see, hard to understand, peaceful,
sublime, beyond the scope of logic,
subtle, comprehensible to the astute.
It’s hard for you to understand, since
you have a different view, creed,
preference, practice, and tradition.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.1, DN15, MN72, DO Workshop 11
One who sees dependent co-arising
sees the dhamma.One who sees the
dhamma sees dependent co-arising
This dependent co-arising is deep and
appears deep.It is because of not
understanding and not penetrating this
teaching that this population has
become tangled like string, knotted like
a ball of thread, and matted like rushes
and reeds, and it doesn’t escape the
places of loss, the bad places, the
underworld, transmigration
Dependent co-arising is deep, hard to
see, hard to understand, peaceful,
sublime, beyond the scope of logic,
subtle, comprehensible to the astute.
It’s hard for you to understand, since
you have a different view, creed,
preference, practice, and tradition.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.1, DN15, MN72, DO Workshop 11
Dependent Co-arising –some deeper understanding
•In previous slide the outer ring and
inner ring are analogous, its kind of
intermingled
•Outer ring starts with SN12.1
sequence from Ignorance and goes
all the way over to inner ring
•Inner ring starts with DN15 from
Consciousness
1/13/2022 12
Rebirth connection –considering six
elements the seeds for consciousness
for next life are already sowed in
current life which leads to this rebirth,
check Rebirth by Choice MN120
Ignorance gives rise to Ego, the sense of
self which drives the Thirst to unskillful
activities and then oblation which leads to
bhava and rebirth
Old Age and Rebirth connection –There is
no moment-to-moment rebirth, though
consciousness wave processing does give
rise to next rounds of consciousness
driven with craving
One should also realize that the earlier
the defilement is recognized and acted
upon, the effort spent will be lesser, the
farther you go from thirst, everything I do
(kamma) and bhava its almost reached to
full extent of existence and now this very
hard to change / challenge, certainly will
take a fruit in next birth
Ādittasutta-all is burning, including
Ignoranceand thirstshould be
experienced and understood beyond
concept to get liberation, without
which they are mere words
Atta the Sense Self -is one of biggest
and most complex delusion. Its so
enchanting, person is not willing to
even give up/die at end of life. It makes
one feel as owner of everything, like a
king
•In previous slide the outer ring and
inner ring are analogous, its kind of
intermingled
•Outer ring starts with SN12.1
sequence from Ignorance and goes
all the way over to inner ring
•Inner ring starts with DN15 from
Consciousness
1/13/2022 12
Rebirth connection –considering six
elements the seeds for consciousness
for next life are already sowed in
current life which leads to this rebirth,
check Rebirth by Choice MN120
Ignorance gives rise to Ego, the sense of
self which drives the Thirst to unskillful
activities and then oblation which leads to
bhava and rebirth
Old Age and Rebirth connection –There is
no moment-to-moment rebirth, though
consciousness wave processing does give
rise to next rounds of consciousness
driven with craving
One should also realize that the earlier
the defilement is recognized and acted
upon, the effort spent will be lesser, the
farther you go from thirst, everything I do
(kamma) and bhava its almost reached to
full extent of existence and now this very
hard to change / challenge, certainly will
take a fruit in next birth
Ādittasutta-all is burning, including
Ignoranceand thirstshould be
experienced and understood beyond
concept to get liberation, without
which they are mere words
Atta the Sense Self -is one of biggest
and most complex delusion. Its so
enchanting, person is not willing to
even give up/die at end of life. It makes
one feel as owner of everything, like a
king
Ignorance
1/13/2022 13
1/13/2022 13
Avijjā -Ignorance –Not Knowing
•There is ignorance which is condition. This is
only reason why this entire samsara exists,
where our 5 sensesplay around.
•Not knowing about unhappiness, the arising
of unhappiness, the cessation of unhappiness,
and the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness. This is called ignorance.
•It is said that no first point of ignorance is
evident, before which there was no ignorance,
and afterwards it came to be
•Transmigration has no known beginning. No
first point is found of sentient beings roaming
and transmigrating, hindered by ignorance and
fettered by thirst
•It's caused by Improper Attention
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.17, AN10.61, SN22.99, SN46.35 14
•aniccā-Impermanence
•āṇatta-non-self
•dukkha–unhappiness
•pañca nīvaraṇā -Five
Hinderances
•āsava–Defilements
•7 treasures
Mara's three daughters
•taṇhā-thirst, craving, hunger for
•arāti-dislike, discontent, aversion,
an enemy
•rāga-passion or lust (uncontrolled
excitement), for different sense
bases like rasa -the excitement of
taste
Like water will flow from top of mountains, filling lakes and ponds all the way, filling rivers, and eventually
reaching sea same way when we take the waterfall in left direction it leads to wisdom knowledge and freedom
whereas taking right direction leads to strengthening ignorance
•There is ignorance which is condition. This is
only reason why this entire samsara exists,
where our 5 sensesplay around.
•Not knowing about unhappiness, the arising
of unhappiness, the cessation of unhappiness,
and the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness. This is called ignorance.
•It is said that no first point of ignorance is
evident, before which there was no ignorance,
and afterwards it came to be
•Transmigration has no known beginning. No
first point is found of sentient beings roaming
and transmigrating, hindered by ignorance and
fettered by thirst
•It's caused by Improper Attention
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.17, AN10.61, SN22.99, SN46.35 14
•aniccā-Impermanence
•āṇatta-non-self
•dukkha–unhappiness
•pañca nīvaraṇā -Five
Hinderances
•āsava–Defilements
•7 treasures
Mara's three daughters
•taṇhā-thirst, craving, hunger for
•arāti-dislike, discontent, aversion,
an enemy
•rāga-passion or lust (uncontrolled
excitement), for different sense
bases like rasa -the excitement of
taste
Like water will flow from top of mountains, filling lakes and ponds all the way, filling rivers, and eventually
reaching sea same way when we take the waterfall in left direction it leads to wisdom knowledge and freedom
whereas taking right direction leads to strengthening ignorance
aniccā-Impermanence
aniccā -Opposite of Nicca(constant, continuous, permanent) -Form, Sensation, perception, everything I do, and
consciousness are impermanent, they arise dependent on other conditions and eventually pass away
•What’s impermanent is unhappiness.
•What’s unhappiness is not-self.
•And what’s not-self should be truly seen with right understanding like this:
•This is not mine,
•I am not this,
•this is not myself.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN22.12-15,SN35.72, 7 Treasures, More Examples 15
7 Treasures -There are these seven kinds of wealth that fire, water, rulers, thieves, and unloved heirs can’t take a share
of. The treasure of
•saddhā-Faith
•silā-Ethical conduct
•hiri–Conscience, Moral Shame
•ottappa–prudence, Moral Dread
•suta–listening, heard; in special sense "received through inspiration or revelation"
•cāga-abandoning, giving up, renunciation, generosity
•pañña-wisdom,endowed with knowledge or insight, possessed of the highest cognition
aniccā -Opposite of Nicca(constant, continuous, permanent) -Form, Sensation, perception, everything I do, and
consciousness are impermanent, they arise dependent on other conditions and eventually pass away
•What’s impermanent is unhappiness.
•What’s unhappiness is not-self.
•And what’s not-self should be truly seen with right understanding like this:
•This is not mine,
•I am not this,
•this is not myself.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN22.12-15,SN35.72, 7 Treasures, More Examples 15
7 Treasures -There are these seven kinds of wealth that fire, water, rulers, thieves, and unloved heirs can’t take a share
of. The treasure of
•saddhā-Faith
•silā-Ethical conduct
•hiri–Conscience, Moral Shame
•ottappa–prudence, Moral Dread
•suta–listening, heard; in special sense "received through inspiration or revelation"
•cāga-abandoning, giving up, renunciation, generosity
•pañña-wisdom,endowed with knowledge or insight, possessed of the highest cognition
āṇatta-non-self
āṇatta -the absence of (ego) limiting self identity in people and things
•In brief, the 5 khandhāsis cause of unhappiness.And what are the 5 khandhās?They are as follows: the form, sensation,
perception, all my activities, and consciousness
•A mendicant should meditate observing rise and fall in these 5 khandhās:‘Such is form, such is the arising of form, such is
the ending of form.Such is sensation …Such is perception …Such are all my activities …Such is consciousness, such is the
arising of consciousness, such is the ending of consciousness.’
•As they do so, they give up the conceit ‘I am’ regarding the 5 khandhās.In that case, they understand:‘I have given up the
conceit “I am” regarding the 5 khandhās.’In this way they are aware of the situation.
1/13/2022 Ref: MN28, MN122, More Examples 16
āṇatta -the absence of (ego) limiting self identity in people and things
•In brief, the 5 khandhāsis cause of unhappiness.And what are the 5 khandhās?They are as follows: the form, sensation,
perception, all my activities, and consciousness
•A mendicant should meditate observing rise and fall in these 5 khandhās:‘Such is form, such is the arising of form, such is
the ending of form.Such is sensation …Such is perception …Such are all my activities …Such is consciousness, such is the
arising of consciousness, such is the ending of consciousness.’
•As they do so, they give up the conceit ‘I am’ regarding the 5 khandhās.In that case, they understand:‘I have given up the
conceit “I am” regarding the 5 khandhās.’In this way they are aware of the situation.
1/13/2022 Ref: MN28, MN122, More Examples 16
pañca āvaraṇā, nīvaraṇā -Five Obstacles and Hinderances …
1/13/2022 Ref: SN46.37 17
Obstacles & Hinderances Why it happens How to overcome
kāmacchando -Sensual Desire
•Obsession, Passion,
Addiction, thirst, Fantasies
•Wanting something to
happen
Not being Mindful of
pleasant feeling
Being mindful, knowing the
hinderance arising and that
it is impermanent
Improper Attention -
Frequent thinking upon
which becomes
inclination of mind
Having proper attention, and
understanding the
impermanence
Misperception that
fulfilling desire will bring
happiness
By knowing what causes
true happiness
byāpādo -Aversion,
Discontentment
•Resistance, rejection,
destruction, anger, hatred,
ill will, animosity, sorrow,
rage
•Conditioned response to
unpleasant feeling
•Causes constant refueling
unpleasant thoughts like
poking holes till things
burst
Don’t get what we wantUnderstand 4 noble truths
Unmindful of own
obstacles
Be Mindful, keep noting till
it disappears
Someone injure(ed) me
or near to me, in past,
will in future
See emotion behind
conditioning
Personalizing
phenomenon
What-if think what good it
will do to hold on
1/13/2022 Ref: SN46.37 17
Obstacles & Hinderances Why it happens How to overcome
kāmacchando -Sensual Desire
•Obsession, Passion,
Addiction, thirst, Fantasies
•Wanting something to
happen
Not being Mindful of
pleasant feeling
Being mindful, knowing the
hinderance arising and that
it is impermanent
Improper Attention -
Frequent thinking upon
which becomes
inclination of mind
Having proper attention, and
understanding the
impermanence
Misperception that
fulfilling desire will bring
happiness
By knowing what causes
true happiness
byāpādo -Aversion,
Discontentment
•Resistance, rejection,
destruction, anger, hatred,
ill will, animosity, sorrow,
rage
•Conditioned response to
unpleasant feeling
•Causes constant refueling
unpleasant thoughts like
poking holes till things
burst
Don’t get what we wantUnderstand 4 noble truths
Unmindful of own
obstacles
Be Mindful, keep noting till
it disappears
Someone injure(ed) me
or near to me, in past,
will in future
See emotion behind
conditioning
Personalizing
phenomenon
What-if think what good it
will do to hold on
pañca āvaraṇā, nīvaraṇā -Five Obstacles and Hinderances …
1/13/2022 18
Obstacles & Hinderances Why it happens How to overcome
thinamiddha -Sloth and Torpor
•Sloth is sluggishness of consciousness and Torpor
is weakness of mental factors
•Resistance, rejection, destruction, anger, hatred,
ill will, animosity,
•Soothes strong emotions, has tendency to hold
tight, is smooth and comfortable snooze,
•It comes in waves doesn’t like vibrancy or high
energy
Less energy, more concentration, dream like
state
Be Mindful, find underlying emotion behind
Removal of daily excess sensual simulationDevelop Radiant knowing mind like a mirror in fog
Frequent unwise attention, drowsiness,
boredom
Wash your face, pull ear lopes, walking meditation
Disguised compassion of over achievementIts very hard to detect, develop energy
By Overeating Have good friends and peer pressure helps subside
uddhaccakukkucca -Restlessness and Remorse
•Agitation, excitement, distortion, not settling,
anxiety
•Excess energy to do something
•Whirls of thoughts, mind slipping of the objects
•Remorse of past unskillful actions doneor past
skillful actions not done
•Anticipated problems worry of future
Excess energy and less concentrationBe mindful of present moment
Unwise attention to thoughts, disquietudePractice Virtue
Wrong understanding that thinking leads to
wisdom
Stillness and virtue leads to wisdom it’s the opposite
Provocative thoughts, prolonged discussionsUse microscopic lens to find emotions underneath
Remembering past unskillful actions If there is nothing to learn its better to ignore
Over evaluation and self judging Remember you are already aware, its nature of mind
vicikicchā -Doubt / Delusion
•Endless uncertainty, delusion, speculation
•Comes as disguised wisdom
•Useful if it leads to further investigation and
useless if it leads to immediate rejection
We do not have proper information or are
mis-informed
Investigate with self-wisdom, not through faith or
following
Thoughts come to mind during difficult times
asking us to retreat
See the quality of mind without doubt
1/13/2022 18
Obstacles & Hinderances Why it happens How to overcome
thinamiddha -Sloth and Torpor
•Sloth is sluggishness of consciousness and Torpor
is weakness of mental factors
•Resistance, rejection, destruction, anger, hatred,
ill will, animosity,
•Soothes strong emotions, has tendency to hold
tight, is smooth and comfortable snooze,
•It comes in waves doesn’t like vibrancy or high
energy
Less energy, more concentration, dream like
state
Be Mindful, find underlying emotion behind
Removal of daily excess sensual simulationDevelop Radiant knowing mind like a mirror in fog
Frequent unwise attention, drowsiness,
boredom
Wash your face, pull ear lopes, walking meditation
Disguised compassion of over achievementIts very hard to detect, develop energy
By Overeating Have good friends and peer pressure helps subside
uddhaccakukkucca -Restlessness and Remorse
•Agitation, excitement, distortion, not settling,
anxiety
•Excess energy to do something
•Whirls of thoughts, mind slipping of the objects
•Remorse of past unskillful actions doneor past
skillful actions not done
•Anticipated problems worry of future
Excess energy and less concentrationBe mindful of present moment
Unwise attention to thoughts, disquietudePractice Virtue
Wrong understanding that thinking leads to
wisdom
Stillness and virtue leads to wisdom it’s the opposite
Provocative thoughts, prolonged discussionsUse microscopic lens to find emotions underneath
Remembering past unskillful actions If there is nothing to learn its better to ignore
Over evaluation and self judging Remember you are already aware, its nature of mind
vicikicchā -Doubt / Delusion
•Endless uncertainty, delusion, speculation
•Comes as disguised wisdom
•Useful if it leads to further investigation and
useless if it leads to immediate rejection
We do not have proper information or are
mis-informed
Investigate with self-wisdom, not through faith or
following
Thoughts come to mind during difficult times
asking us to retreat
See the quality of mind without doubt
āsava -defilements
Āsava-that which flows (out or on to) outflow &
influx, discharge from sore, a canker. These are
outflowing of mind it can be any of three types
•Leaking –slowly trickling like a discharge
from a sore
•Flowing –like a stream, continuous
•Sucked out –blown away or sucked in by a
strong force, like vacuum
There are these three defilements.What
three?The defilements of
•kām-āsava -sensual desires
•bhav-āsava-desire to be reborn
•avijjā-āsava -ignorance.
These are the three defilements. The four kinds
of mindfulness meditation should be developed
to give up these three defilements.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN47.50,MN2 19
And how are the defilements given up
•by Seeing, paying attention
•by Restraint, self restraint
•by Reflecting properly
•by Enduringunhappiness
•by Avoiding dangers
•by Dispelling, not tolerating
•by Developingseven awakening factors
Āsava-that which flows (out or on to) outflow &
influx, discharge from sore, a canker. These are
outflowing of mind it can be any of three types
•Leaking –slowly trickling like a discharge
from a sore
•Flowing –like a stream, continuous
•Sucked out –blown away or sucked in by a
strong force, like vacuum
There are these three defilements.What
three?The defilements of
•kām-āsava -sensual desires
•bhav-āsava-desire to be reborn
•avijjā-āsava -ignorance.
These are the three defilements. The four kinds
of mindfulness meditation should be developed
to give up these three defilements.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN47.50,MN2 19
And how are the defilements given up
•by Seeing, paying attention
•by Restraint, self restraint
•by Reflecting properly
•by Enduringunhappiness
•by Avoiding dangers
•by Dispelling, not tolerating
•by Developingseven awakening factors
Everything I do –My Actions
1/13/2022 20
1/13/2022 20
khandha -section
khaṇḍa-a broken piece, section and (5
khandhāsare the sections of personality we take
up as self)
akhaṇḍaunbroken, entire, whole (ego, I amis
the akhandhā)
•Do you regard anything among these 5
khandhāsas selfor as belonging to self?
•Not understanding the 5 khandhās
impermanence and ordinary person takes the
nāmarūpa as self and develops these 5
khandhāsof self and ego which perpetuates,
and all things are then conditioned to suit to self
which eventually leads to next life as well
1/13/2022 Ref: SN22.89, SN22.48 21
rūpa-khandha -The form -Whatever
kind of form there is, whether past, future, or
present … far or near, that is tainted, that can
be clung to: this is called the form section of
clinging
vedanā-khandha-The sensation -
Whatever kind of sensation there is … that is
tainted, that can be clung to: this is called the
sensation section of clinging
saññā-khandha-The perception -
Whatever kind of perception there is … that is
tainted, that can be clung to: this is called the
perception aggregate subject to clinging
sankhāra-khandha –Everything I do
-Whatever kind of volitional formations there
are … that are tainted, that can be clung to:
these are called the volitional formations
aggregate subject to clinging
viññāna-kkhandha -The
Consciousness -Whatever kind of
consciousness there is, whether past, future,
or present, internal or external, gross or subtle,
inferior or superior, far or near, that is tainted,
that can be clung to: this is called the
consciousness aggregate subject to clinging
khaṇḍa-a broken piece, section and (5
khandhāsare the sections of personality we take
up as self)
akhaṇḍaunbroken, entire, whole (ego, I amis
the akhandhā)
•Do you regard anything among these 5
khandhāsas selfor as belonging to self?
•Not understanding the 5 khandhās
impermanence and ordinary person takes the
nāmarūpa as self and develops these 5
khandhāsof self and ego which perpetuates,
and all things are then conditioned to suit to self
which eventually leads to next life as well
1/13/2022 Ref: SN22.89, SN22.48 21
rūpa-khandha -The form -Whatever
kind of form there is, whether past, future, or
present … far or near, that is tainted, that can
be clung to: this is called the form section of
clinging
vedanā-khandha-The sensation -
Whatever kind of sensation there is … that is
tainted, that can be clung to: this is called the
sensation section of clinging
saññā-khandha-The perception -
Whatever kind of perception there is … that is
tainted, that can be clung to: this is called the
perception aggregate subject to clinging
sankhāra-khandha –Everything I do
-Whatever kind of volitional formations there
are … that are tainted, that can be clung to:
these are called the volitional formations
aggregate subject to clinging
viññāna-kkhandha -The
Consciousness -Whatever kind of
consciousness there is, whether past, future,
or present, internal or external, gross or subtle,
inferior or superior, far or near, that is tainted,
that can be clung to: this is called the
consciousness aggregate subject to clinging
sankhāra-everything I do
Sankhāra–in the widest sense the "world of
phenomena", everything (all conditioned things
5 khandhās) which have been made up by pre-
existing causes, produces kamma
The consciousness, intention and desire of sentient
beings—hindered by ignorance and fettered by
thirst—is established in a higher realm. That’s how
there is rebirth into a new state of existence in the
future thus, kamma is the field, consciousness the
seed, and thirst the moisture creates the life,
existence. Bearing fruits for this and next life, further
shape the existence
1/13/2022 Ref: SN45.173, AN6.39,AN3.76, AN3.77 22
nidānā -Cause / Sources
•lobha-covetousness, greed
•dosa-corruption, blemish, fault, bad condition,
defect; depravity, corrupted state; usually -the dawn
•moha-stupidity, dullness of mind / body, delusion,
bewilderment, infatuation
Performed by Actions
•kāya-sankhāra -by Body
•vacī-sankhāra -by Speech
•citta-or mano-sankhāra -by Mind
Kamma types of outcomes
•Demeritorious Actions lead birth to bad place
•Meritorious Actions lead birth to meritorious place
•In Between Actions lead birth accordingly
Sankhāra–in the widest sense the "world of
phenomena", everything (all conditioned things
5 khandhās) which have been made up by pre-
existing causes, produces kamma
The consciousness, intention and desire of sentient
beings—hindered by ignorance and fettered by
thirst—is established in a higher realm. That’s how
there is rebirth into a new state of existence in the
future thus, kamma is the field, consciousness the
seed, and thirst the moisture creates the life,
existence. Bearing fruits for this and next life, further
shape the existence
1/13/2022 Ref: SN45.173, AN6.39,AN3.76, AN3.77 22
nidānā -Cause / Sources
•lobha-covetousness, greed
•dosa-corruption, blemish, fault, bad condition,
defect; depravity, corrupted state; usually -the dawn
•moha-stupidity, dullness of mind / body, delusion,
bewilderment, infatuation
Performed by Actions
•kāya-sankhāra -by Body
•vacī-sankhāra -by Speech
•citta-or mano-sankhāra -by Mind
Kamma types of outcomes
•Demeritorious Actions lead birth to bad place
•Meritorious Actions lead birth to meritorious place
•In Between Actions lead birth accordingly
Which things / activities are skillful vs unskillful?
1/13/2022 Ref: Four Brahma Vihara’s, Ten Paramitas 23
1/13/2022 Ref: Four Brahma Vihara’s, Ten Paramitas 23
Name and Form
1/13/2022 24
1/13/2022 24
viññāṇa -Consciousness
viññāṇa-a mental quality as a constituent of individuality, the bearer of (individual) life, life-force (as
extending also over rebirths), principle of conscious life, general consciousness (as function of
mindandmatter), regenerative force, animation, mind as transmigrant, as transforming (according to
individual kamma) one individual life (after death) into the next
viññāṇasota-stream of consciousness, not permanent, keeps arising and passing away like a river with
moments of consciousness
And what is consciousness?There are these six classes of consciousness.Eye, ear, nose, tongue, body,
and mind consciousness.This is called consciousness.
They understand a person’s stream of consciousness, unbroken on both sides, established in both this
world and the next
Acts as a seed to be sowed in field of kamma with thirst as water leading to future existence
1/13/2022 25
viññāṇa-a mental quality as a constituent of individuality, the bearer of (individual) life, life-force (as
extending also over rebirths), principle of conscious life, general consciousness (as function of
mindandmatter), regenerative force, animation, mind as transmigrant, as transforming (according to
individual kamma) one individual life (after death) into the next
viññāṇasota-stream of consciousness, not permanent, keeps arising and passing away like a river with
moments of consciousness
And what is consciousness?There are these six classes of consciousness.Eye, ear, nose, tongue, body,
and mind consciousness.This is called consciousness.
They understand a person’s stream of consciousness, unbroken on both sides, established in both this
world and the next
Acts as a seed to be sowed in field of kamma with thirst as water leading to future existence
1/13/2022 25
nāmarūpa -Name and Form
And what are name and form?Feeling,
perception, intention, contact, and
attention.This is called name.
The four primary elements, and form derived
from the four primary elements.This is called
form.Such is name and such is form.
•Contact: When a form comes rubs on, impinges with respective
sense bases a contact is created which is due to impingement of the
object on sense base.
•Sensation: This contact leads to a sensation which is either
pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral there is none other.
•Attention: Depending on how our attention is we capture this
phenomenon or otherwise totally miss it as our attention is
somewhere else
•Perception: Which leads to perception, which is like a
conditional memory store for all known phenomenon so far seen,
used for further classification and identification later point in time it
can be complex and is conditioned to suit and change the intention
•Intention: This leads to an intention or will to act to do
something, conditioned by perception
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.2, SN36.6 26
When the uninstructed worldling is being hurt by a splinter/thorn and a
painful sensation arise, he sorrows, grieves, and laments; he weeps
beating his breast and becomes distraught. He feels two sensations—
•a bodily one –sense impingement contact –it’s the first splinter –20% pain
•and a mental one -designation contact –it’s the second splinter –80% pain caused
by this second splinter which is conditioned by our perceptions
And what are name and form?Feeling,
perception, intention, contact, and
attention.This is called name.
The four primary elements, and form derived
from the four primary elements.This is called
form.Such is name and such is form.
•Contact: When a form comes rubs on, impinges with respective
sense bases a contact is created which is due to impingement of the
object on sense base.
•Sensation: This contact leads to a sensation which is either
pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral there is none other.
•Attention: Depending on how our attention is we capture this
phenomenon or otherwise totally miss it as our attention is
somewhere else
•Perception: Which leads to perception, which is like a
conditional memory store for all known phenomenon so far seen,
used for further classification and identification later point in time it
can be complex and is conditioned to suit and change the intention
•Intention: This leads to an intention or will to act to do
something, conditioned by perception
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.2, SN36.6 26
When the uninstructed worldling is being hurt by a splinter/thorn and a
painful sensation arise, he sorrows, grieves, and laments; he weeps
beating his breast and becomes distraught. He feels two sensations—
•a bodily one –sense impingement contact –it’s the first splinter –20% pain
•and a mental one -designation contact –it’s the second splinter –80% pain caused
by this second splinter which is conditioned by our perceptions
saḷāyatana –Six Sense bases
•There are6 interior sense fields, 6 exterior sense fields, 6 classes of
consciousness and, 6 contact i.e. -eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and
mind.These are called the 6 sense fields.
•The 18 mental preoccupations -Seeing a sight with the eye, one is
preoccupied with a sight that’s a basis for happiness or sadness or
equanimity. And hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling, conscious of
thought
•The 36positions of sentient beings should be understood.
•Therein, relying and depending on the
•Six kinds of renunciate happiness, give up and go beyond the six kinds of lay
happiness
•Six kinds of renunciate sadness, give up the six kinds of lay sadness
•Six kinds of renunciate equanimity, give up the six kinds of lay equanimity
•Six kinds of renunciate happiness, give up the six kinds of renunciate sadness
•Six kinds of renunciate equanimity, give up the six kinds of renunciate
happiness
•Relying on equanimity based on unity -dimensions of infinite space, infinite
consciousness, nothingness, and neither perception nor non-perception, give
up equanimity based on diversity-towards sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and
touches.
•Relying on non-identification, give up equanimity based on unity
1/13/2022
Ref: MN137
27
Lay Renunciate
six happiness / sadness -There
are sights known by the eye that
are likable, desirable, agreeable,
pleasing, connected with the
world’s material delights.
Happiness / Sadness arises when
you regard it as a gain to obtain
such sights, or when you recollect
sights you formerly obtained that
have passed, ceased, and
perished. And other bases
six happiness /sadness-When
you’ve understood the
impermanence of sights—their
perishing, fading away, and
cessation. Happiness / Sadness
arises as you truly understand
through right understanding that
both formerly and now all those
sights are impermanent,
unhappiness, and perishable. And
other bases
six equanimity -When seeing a
sight with the eye, equanimity
arises for the uneducated
ordinary person—a foolish
ordinary person who has not
overcome their limitations and
the results of deeds and is blind
to the drawbacks.Such
equanimity does not transcend
the sight. And other bases
six equanimity -When you’ve
understood the impermanence of
sights—their perishing, fading
away, and cessation—equanimity
arises as you truly understand
through right understanding that
both formerly and now all those
sights are impermanent,
unhappiness, and perishable.Such
equanimity transcends the sight.
And other bases
•There are6 interior sense fields, 6 exterior sense fields, 6 classes of
consciousness and, 6 contact i.e. -eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and
mind.These are called the 6 sense fields.
•The 18 mental preoccupations -Seeing a sight with the eye, one is
preoccupied with a sight that’s a basis for happiness or sadness or
equanimity. And hearing, smelling, tasting, feeling, conscious of
thought
•The 36positions of sentient beings should be understood.
•Therein, relying and depending on the
•Six kinds of renunciate happiness, give up and go beyond the six kinds of lay
happiness
•Six kinds of renunciate sadness, give up the six kinds of lay sadness
•Six kinds of renunciate equanimity, give up the six kinds of lay equanimity
•Six kinds of renunciate happiness, give up the six kinds of renunciate sadness
•Six kinds of renunciate equanimity, give up the six kinds of renunciate
happiness
•Relying on equanimity based on unity -dimensions of infinite space, infinite
consciousness, nothingness, and neither perception nor non-perception, give
up equanimity based on diversity-towards sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and
touches.
•Relying on non-identification, give up equanimity based on unity
1/13/2022
Ref: MN137
27
Lay Renunciate
six happiness / sadness -There
are sights known by the eye that
are likable, desirable, agreeable,
pleasing, connected with the
world’s material delights.
Happiness / Sadness arises when
you regard it as a gain to obtain
such sights, or when you recollect
sights you formerly obtained that
have passed, ceased, and
perished. And other bases
six happiness /sadness-When
you’ve understood the
impermanence of sights—their
perishing, fading away, and
cessation. Happiness / Sadness
arises as you truly understand
through right understanding that
both formerly and now all those
sights are impermanent,
unhappiness, and perishable. And
other bases
six equanimity -When seeing a
sight with the eye, equanimity
arises for the uneducated
ordinary person—a foolish
ordinary person who has not
overcome their limitations and
the results of deeds and is blind
to the drawbacks.Such
equanimity does not transcend
the sight. And other bases
six equanimity -When you’ve
understood the impermanence of
sights—their perishing, fading
away, and cessation—equanimity
arises as you truly understand
through right understanding that
both formerly and now all those
sights are impermanent,
unhappiness, and perishable.Such
equanimity transcends the sight.
And other bases
vedanā –Sensation
vedanā–Feeling Sensation
And what is sensation?There are these six
classes of sensation.Sensation born of contact
through the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and
mind.These sensations are of three types
•Sukhā-Good / Pleasant
•dukkhā-Unpleasant / Painful
•adukkhamasukhā-Neutral
•Sensation has intensity levels just for e.g.just
like thermometershows temperature we make
98.3 neutral, over fever and under cold
•It seems to be also identified as
preoccupations which seem equivalent
1/13/2022 Ref: SN38.7, MN137 28
vedanā–Feeling Sensation
And what is sensation?There are these six
classes of sensation.Sensation born of contact
through the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and
mind.These sensations are of three types
•Sukhā-Good / Pleasant
•dukkhā-Unpleasant / Painful
•adukkhamasukhā-Neutral
•Sensation has intensity levels just for e.g.just
like thermometershows temperature we make
98.3 neutral, over fever and under cold
•It seems to be also identified as
preoccupations which seem equivalent
1/13/2022 Ref: SN38.7, MN137 28
Thirst
1/13/2022 29
1/13/2022 29
taṇhā –Thirst…
taṇhā-tarśna thirst, craving, hunger for, excitement, the fever of
unsatisfied longing, it causes a bursting forth, effulgence
•And what is thirst?There are these six classes of thirst.Thirst for
sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touches, and thoughts.What are the
types
othirst for sensual pleasures,
othirst for continued existence,
othirst to end existence.
oor any other kind of thirst for wholesome or unwholesome
•Its like the hand reaching out to grab something which is outcome of
a pleasant sensation and want it now
•This world is choked by the thirst, engulfed by it. It makes the world
tangled like yarn, knotted like a ball of thread, and matted like rushes
and reeds, not escaping the places of loss, the bad places, the
underworld, transmigration
•108 currents (concepts) of thirst, 36 shown in table besides, which
pertain to the past, future and present
1/13/2022 Ref: AN4.199 30
Concepts derive from interiorConcepts derive from exterior
I am I am because of this
I am such I am such because of this
I am thus I am thus because of this
I am otherwise I am otherwise because of this
I am fleeting I am fleeting because of this
I am lasting I am lasting because of this
Mine Mine because of this
Such is mine Such is mine because of this
Thusis mine Thusis mine because of this
Otherwiseis mine Otherwiseis mine because of this
Alsomine Alsomine because of this
Such is also mine Such is also mine because of this
Thusis also mine Thusis also mine because of this
Otherwiseis also mine Otherwiseis also mine because of this
I will be I will be because of this
I will be such I will be such because of this
I will be thus I will be thus because of this
I will be otherwise I will be otherwise because of this
taṇhā-tarśna thirst, craving, hunger for, excitement, the fever of
unsatisfied longing, it causes a bursting forth, effulgence
•And what is thirst?There are these six classes of thirst.Thirst for
sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touches, and thoughts.What are the
types
othirst for sensual pleasures,
othirst for continued existence,
othirst to end existence.
oor any other kind of thirst for wholesome or unwholesome
•Its like the hand reaching out to grab something which is outcome of
a pleasant sensation and want it now
•This world is choked by the thirst, engulfed by it. It makes the world
tangled like yarn, knotted like a ball of thread, and matted like rushes
and reeds, not escaping the places of loss, the bad places, the
underworld, transmigration
•108 currents (concepts) of thirst, 36 shown in table besides, which
pertain to the past, future and present
1/13/2022 Ref: AN4.199 30
Concepts derive from interiorConcepts derive from exterior
I am I am because of this
I am such I am such because of this
I am thus I am thus because of this
I am otherwise I am otherwise because of this
I am fleeting I am fleeting because of this
I am lasting I am lasting because of this
Mine Mine because of this
Such is mine Such is mine because of this
Thusis mine Thusis mine because of this
Otherwiseis mine Otherwiseis mine because of this
Alsomine Alsomine because of this
Such is also mine Such is also mine because of this
Thusis also mine Thusis also mine because of this
Otherwiseis also mine Otherwiseis also mine because of this
I will be I will be because of this
I will be such I will be such because of this
I will be thus I will be thus because of this
I will be otherwise I will be otherwise because of this
How to tackle Thirst?
Use these two powers: -
•power of reflection
•Bad conduct of body, speech, or mind has a bad, painful result in
both this life and the next. Reflecting like this, they develop good
conduct by way of body, speech, and mind, keeping themselves
pure
•Divide thoughts into two classes
•renunciation, good will, and harmlessness -It doesn’t lead to
hurting myself, hurting others, or hurting both. It nourishes
wisdom, it’s on the side of freedom from anguish, and it
leads to extinguishment. It causes no harm
•sensual, malicious, and cruel thoughts -When I reflected that
it blocks wisdom, it’s on the side of anguish, and it doesn’t
lead to extinguishment it went away
•power of development
•power of a trainee, you give up greed, hate, and delusion
•the 7 awakening factors of mindfulness
•Four Jhana’s
1/13/2022 Ref: AN2.11-20, MN19, Craving 31
Gradual Training
1.The gradual reduction of craving through
precepts, kindness and reflection that
allows us to drop unskillful actions, speech
and thoughts.This takes care of the grosser
aspects of craving.
2.Meditation practice then deals with the
subtler aspects of craving and with Jhana
we get a temporary but complete
elimination of craving.
3.Final abandoning of craving with
Awakening.This occurs when we emerge
from Jhana and reflect, gaining insight into
the Four Noble Truths.
Use these two powers: -
•power of reflection
•Bad conduct of body, speech, or mind has a bad, painful result in
both this life and the next. Reflecting like this, they develop good
conduct by way of body, speech, and mind, keeping themselves
pure
•Divide thoughts into two classes
•renunciation, good will, and harmlessness -It doesn’t lead to
hurting myself, hurting others, or hurting both. It nourishes
wisdom, it’s on the side of freedom from anguish, and it
leads to extinguishment. It causes no harm
•sensual, malicious, and cruel thoughts -When I reflected that
it blocks wisdom, it’s on the side of anguish, and it doesn’t
lead to extinguishment it went away
•power of development
•power of a trainee, you give up greed, hate, and delusion
•the 7 awakening factors of mindfulness
•Four Jhana’s
1/13/2022 Ref: AN2.11-20, MN19, Craving 31
Gradual Training
1.The gradual reduction of craving through
precepts, kindness and reflection that
allows us to drop unskillful actions, speech
and thoughts.This takes care of the grosser
aspects of craving.
2.Meditation practice then deals with the
subtler aspects of craving and with Jhana
we get a temporary but complete
elimination of craving.
3.Final abandoning of craving with
Awakening.This occurs when we emerge
from Jhana and reflect, gaining insight into
the Four Noble Truths.
How Thirst leads to Unskillful Activities
How Thirst leads to Unskillful Activities and Unhappiness, to understand this better lets first set the context, with each eon, universe expands and then contracts
in cycles. There comes a time when, after a very long period has passed
•This universe contracts.As the universe contracts, sentient beings are mostly headed for the realm of streaming radiance.There they are mind-made, feeding
on rapture, self-luminous, moving through the sky, steadily glorious, and they remain like that for a very long time.
•This universe expands.Sentient beings mostly pass away from that host of radiant deities and come back to this realm.Here they are mind-made, feeding on
rapture, self-luminous, moving through the sky similar toabove
•pariyesanā –Seeking-After a very long period had passed, solid nectar curdled in the water.It appeared just like the curd on top of hot milk-rice as it cools.
Now, one of those beings was reckless.Thinking, ‘Oh my, what might this be?’
•lābhaṁ paṭicca -Gaining Material Possessions -They started to make buildings to hide their immoral deeds, Hey now, why should I be bothered to gather
rice in the evening for supper, and in the morning for breakfast?Why don’t I gather rice for supper and breakfast all at once? So that’s what he did, But when
they started to store up rice to eat,the rice grains became wrapped in powder and husk,it didn’t grow back after reaping
•viniccha –Accessing -they tasted the solid nectar with their finger.They enjoyed it, and thirst was born in them, And other beings followed , But when they
did thistheir luminosity vanished, the moon, sun, stars appeared,days, nights, months, fortnights,and years and seasons.The world had evolved once more
•chandarāgo -Desire And Lust -And female characteristics appeared on women, while male characteristics appeared on men.Women spent too much time
gazing at men, and men at women.They became lustful, and their bodies burned with fever.Due to this feverthey had sex with each other.
•ajjhosāna –Attachment -The beings who had sex together weren’t allowed to enter a village or town for one or two months.Ever since they excessively
threw themselves into immorality,they started to make buildings to hide their immoral deeds
•pariggaho –Ownership-Now one of those beings was reckless. While guarding their own share they took another’s share and ate it. They grabbed the one
who had done this and said,‘You have done a bad thing,Do not do such a thing again.’
•macchariya –Stinginess -There came a time when an aristocrat, brahmin, merchant, or worker, deprecating their own vocation, went forth from the lay lifeto
homelessness, thinking,‘I will be an ascetic.’ And that, is how these four circles were created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not
unlike; legitimately, not illegitimately.
•ārakkho –Safeguarding-Oh, how wicked things have appeared among beings, in that stealing is found, and blaming and lying and the taking up of rods!Why
don’t we elect one being who would rightly accuse those who deserve it, blame those who deserve it, and expel those who deserve it? Sothey elect a king
•sankhāra -everything I do–above points lead individuals to safeguard and do skillful / unskillful activities, which leads to unhappiness
1/13/2022 Ref: DN15 ,DN27 32
How Thirst leads to Unskillful Activities and Unhappiness, to understand this better lets first set the context, with each eon, universe expands and then contracts
in cycles. There comes a time when, after a very long period has passed
•This universe contracts.As the universe contracts, sentient beings are mostly headed for the realm of streaming radiance.There they are mind-made, feeding
on rapture, self-luminous, moving through the sky, steadily glorious, and they remain like that for a very long time.
•This universe expands.Sentient beings mostly pass away from that host of radiant deities and come back to this realm.Here they are mind-made, feeding on
rapture, self-luminous, moving through the sky similar toabove
•pariyesanā –Seeking-After a very long period had passed, solid nectar curdled in the water.It appeared just like the curd on top of hot milk-rice as it cools.
Now, one of those beings was reckless.Thinking, ‘Oh my, what might this be?’
•lābhaṁ paṭicca -Gaining Material Possessions -They started to make buildings to hide their immoral deeds, Hey now, why should I be bothered to gather
rice in the evening for supper, and in the morning for breakfast?Why don’t I gather rice for supper and breakfast all at once? So that’s what he did, But when
they started to store up rice to eat,the rice grains became wrapped in powder and husk,it didn’t grow back after reaping
•viniccha –Accessing -they tasted the solid nectar with their finger.They enjoyed it, and thirst was born in them, And other beings followed , But when they
did thistheir luminosity vanished, the moon, sun, stars appeared,days, nights, months, fortnights,and years and seasons.The world had evolved once more
•chandarāgo -Desire And Lust -And female characteristics appeared on women, while male characteristics appeared on men.Women spent too much time
gazing at men, and men at women.They became lustful, and their bodies burned with fever.Due to this feverthey had sex with each other.
•ajjhosāna –Attachment -The beings who had sex together weren’t allowed to enter a village or town for one or two months.Ever since they excessively
threw themselves into immorality,they started to make buildings to hide their immoral deeds
•pariggaho –Ownership-Now one of those beings was reckless. While guarding their own share they took another’s share and ate it. They grabbed the one
who had done this and said,‘You have done a bad thing,Do not do such a thing again.’
•macchariya –Stinginess -There came a time when an aristocrat, brahmin, merchant, or worker, deprecating their own vocation, went forth from the lay lifeto
homelessness, thinking,‘I will be an ascetic.’ And that, is how these four circles were created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not
unlike; legitimately, not illegitimately.
•ārakkho –Safeguarding-Oh, how wicked things have appeared among beings, in that stealing is found, and blaming and lying and the taking up of rods!Why
don’t we elect one being who would rightly accuse those who deserve it, blame those who deserve it, and expel those who deserve it? Sothey elect a king
•sankhāra -everything I do–above points lead individuals to safeguard and do skillful / unskillful activities, which leads to unhappiness
1/13/2022 Ref: DN15 ,DN27 32
upādāna -oblation, fueling up
upādāna-āhuti-oblation, sacrifice, performed
with everything I do by mind, speech or body
What is sacrificed and used for fueling up from
thirst as primary fuel
•Suppose a bonfire was burning with ten, twenty, thirty, or
forty loads of wood. And from time to time someone would
toss in dry grass, cow dung, or wood. Fueled and sustained
by that, the bonfire would burn for a long time. In the same
way, there are things prone for oblation. When you
concentrate on the gratification provided by these things,
your thirst grows.
•Four kind of fuels -They maintain sentient beings that have
been born and help those that are about to be born
1.Solid food, whether coarse or fine
2.contact is the second
3.mental intention
4.Consciousness
If there is desire, relishing, and thirst for solid food,
consciousness becomes established there and grows.
•pañcasuupādānakkhandā –Five khandhās
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.52, SN12.63, SN12.64, SN 12.11 33
How to give stop the fueling up the fire
•Solid food –understandingfood is not for fun, indulgence, adornment, or
decoration? (Child’s flesh simile)
•contact –understanding pain arising from contact (Flayed cow simile)
•mental intention –understanding my death or deadly pain (pit of glowing
coals simile)
•Consciousness –understanding continuous impingement of unhappiness
(100 spears simile)
•Five khandhās–Understanding of non-self
upādāna-āhuti-oblation, sacrifice, performed
with everything I do by mind, speech or body
What is sacrificed and used for fueling up from
thirst as primary fuel
•Suppose a bonfire was burning with ten, twenty, thirty, or
forty loads of wood. And from time to time someone would
toss in dry grass, cow dung, or wood. Fueled and sustained
by that, the bonfire would burn for a long time. In the same
way, there are things prone for oblation. When you
concentrate on the gratification provided by these things,
your thirst grows.
•Four kind of fuels -They maintain sentient beings that have
been born and help those that are about to be born
1.Solid food, whether coarse or fine
2.contact is the second
3.mental intention
4.Consciousness
If there is desire, relishing, and thirst for solid food,
consciousness becomes established there and grows.
•pañcasuupādānakkhandā –Five khandhās
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.52, SN12.63, SN12.64, SN 12.11 33
How to give stop the fueling up the fire
•Solid food –understandingfood is not for fun, indulgence, adornment, or
decoration? (Child’s flesh simile)
•contact –understanding pain arising from contact (Flayed cow simile)
•mental intention –understanding my death or deadly pain (pit of glowing
coals simile)
•Consciousness –understanding continuous impingement of unhappiness
(100 spears simile)
•Five khandhās–Understanding of non-self
bhava -Existence, Life
bhava-(state of) existence, life, one of strongest and
most potent delusion, propels next life. We celebrate this and do
anything and everything for this. Bhavan –palace(s) where “I” live
There are these three states of existence.
kāmabhavo-1
st
plane -sensual realm of existence, are usually
lower realms where the 5 senses come to play and most of the world
here is created around them.
oyakkh -being a spirit
obhūt -being a creature
omanussa -being a human
ocatuppada –4-legged animal realm
opakkhi -being a bird
osarīsapā-being a reptile
rūpabhavo-2
nd
plane -realm of luminous form of existence,
Realm of luminous form of existence has mind made energy bodies
and free from 5 sense bases, just the mind and phenomenon
odevānaṁ -being a god
ogandhabba -being a heavenly musician
opajāpati -being a creator god
1/13/2022 Ref: DN15, SN45.164, SN12.53 34
arūpabhavo-formless realm of existence, don’t even have parts of
name the conditioning, parts or the 5 sense bases
o3
rd
planeunified in body and diverse in perception
▪brahma -brahma realm, lifespan 1 eon
▪ābhassare -gods of streaming radiance, 2 eons
o4th Plane-unified in body and unified in perception
▪subhakiṇhe -gods replete with glory, 4 eons
▪vehapphale -gods of abundant fruit, 4th Jhana, 500 eons
▪abhibhu -superior beings than vehappahale
o2nd dimension-neither perception nor non-perception
▪5th Plane -totally beyond perceptions of form, infinite space
▪6th Plane -infinite consciousness
▪7th Plane -nothingness
How to overcome bhava? Suppose an oil lamp depended on oil and
a wick to burn.And no-one would pour oil in and adjust the wick from time
to time.As the original fuel is used up and no more is added, the oil lamp
would be extinguished due to lack of fuel.
In the same way, there are prone to being fettered. When you concentrate
on the drawbacks of these things, your thirst ceases.When thirst ceases,
fueling up ceases. …That is how this entire mass of unhappiness ceases.”
bhava-(state of) existence, life, one of strongest and
most potent delusion, propels next life. We celebrate this and do
anything and everything for this. Bhavan –palace(s) where “I” live
There are these three states of existence.
kāmabhavo-1
st
plane -sensual realm of existence, are usually
lower realms where the 5 senses come to play and most of the world
here is created around them.
oyakkh -being a spirit
obhūt -being a creature
omanussa -being a human
ocatuppada –4-legged animal realm
opakkhi -being a bird
osarīsapā-being a reptile
rūpabhavo-2
nd
plane -realm of luminous form of existence,
Realm of luminous form of existence has mind made energy bodies
and free from 5 sense bases, just the mind and phenomenon
odevānaṁ -being a god
ogandhabba -being a heavenly musician
opajāpati -being a creator god
1/13/2022 Ref: DN15, SN45.164, SN12.53 34
arūpabhavo-formless realm of existence, don’t even have parts of
name the conditioning, parts or the 5 sense bases
o3
rd
planeunified in body and diverse in perception
▪brahma -brahma realm, lifespan 1 eon
▪ābhassare -gods of streaming radiance, 2 eons
o4th Plane-unified in body and unified in perception
▪subhakiṇhe -gods replete with glory, 4 eons
▪vehapphale -gods of abundant fruit, 4th Jhana, 500 eons
▪abhibhu -superior beings than vehappahale
o2nd dimension-neither perception nor non-perception
▪5th Plane -totally beyond perceptions of form, infinite space
▪6th Plane -infinite consciousness
▪7th Plane -nothingness
How to overcome bhava? Suppose an oil lamp depended on oil and
a wick to burn.And no-one would pour oil in and adjust the wick from time
to time.As the original fuel is used up and no more is added, the oil lamp
would be extinguished due to lack of fuel.
In the same way, there are prone to being fettered. When you concentrate
on the drawbacks of these things, your thirst ceases.When thirst ceases,
fueling up ceases. …That is how this entire mass of unhappiness ceases.”
jarāmaraṇa -Old Age and Death
And what is old age and death?
The old age, decrepitude, broken teeth, grey hair, wrinkly skin, diminished
vitality, and failing faculties of the various sentient beings in the various
orders of sentient beings.This is called old age.
The passing away, perishing, disintegration, demise, mortality, death,
decease, breaking up of the aggregates, and laying to rest of the corpse of
the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings.This is
called death.Such is old age, and such is death.
This is called old age and death.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.2 35
And what is old age and death?
The old age, decrepitude, broken teeth, grey hair, wrinkly skin, diminished
vitality, and failing faculties of the various sentient beings in the various
orders of sentient beings.This is called old age.
The passing away, perishing, disintegration, demise, mortality, death,
decease, breaking up of the aggregates, and laying to rest of the corpse of
the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings.This is
called death.Such is old age, and such is death.
This is called old age and death.
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.2 35
jāti –Rebirth
•rebirth is the condition for old, age death sorrow lamentation pain and unhappiness
•And what is rebirth?The rebirth, inception, conception, reincarnation, manifestation of the aggregates, and acquisition of
the sense fields of the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings.This is called rebirth.
•Someone who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom, They think:‘If only, when my body breaks up, after
death, I would be reborn in the company of :-
•well-to-do aristocrats, brahmins, householders
•The Gods of the Four Great Kings!
•The Gods of the Thirty-Three
•The Gods of Yama
•The Joyful Gods
•The Gods Who Love to Create
•The Gods Who Control the Creations of Others
•The Brahmā of 1, 5, 10, 100 thousand!
•The Radiant Gods
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.The things they do(kamma) and meditations of theirs, developed and
cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there
•Furthermoresomeone who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.They think:‘If only I might realize the
undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life, and live having realized it with my own insight due to the
ending of defilements.’They realize the undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life, they are not
reborn anywhere.”
1/13/2022 Ref: MN120 36
•The Gods of Limited, Limitless, Streaming Radiance
•The Gods of Limited ,Limitless, Replete with Glory
•The Gods of Abundant Fruit
•The Gods of Aviha, Atappa, Fair to See, Fair Seeing Gods, Akanittha
•The gods of the dimension of infinite space
•The gods of the dimension of infinite consciousness
•The gods of the dimension of nothingness
•The he gods of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
•rebirth is the condition for old, age death sorrow lamentation pain and unhappiness
•And what is rebirth?The rebirth, inception, conception, reincarnation, manifestation of the aggregates, and acquisition of
the sense fields of the various sentient beings in the various orders of sentient beings.This is called rebirth.
•Someone who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom, They think:‘If only, when my body breaks up, after
death, I would be reborn in the company of :-
•well-to-do aristocrats, brahmins, householders
•The Gods of the Four Great Kings!
•The Gods of the Thirty-Three
•The Gods of Yama
•The Joyful Gods
•The Gods Who Love to Create
•The Gods Who Control the Creations of Others
•The Brahmā of 1, 5, 10, 100 thousand!
•The Radiant Gods
They settle on that thought, stabilize it and develop it.The things they do(kamma) and meditations of theirs, developed and
cultivated like this, lead to rebirth there
•Furthermoresomeone who has faith, ethics, learning, generosity, and wisdom.They think:‘If only I might realize the
undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life, and live having realized it with my own insight due to the
ending of defilements.’They realize the undefiled freedom of heart and freedom by wisdom in this very life, they are not
reborn anywhere.”
1/13/2022 Ref: MN120 36
•The Gods of Limited, Limitless, Streaming Radiance
•The Gods of Limited ,Limitless, Replete with Glory
•The Gods of Abundant Fruit
•The Gods of Aviha, Atappa, Fair to See, Fair Seeing Gods, Akanittha
•The gods of the dimension of infinite space
•The gods of the dimension of infinite consciousness
•The gods of the dimension of nothingness
•The he gods of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
Unhappiness
1/13/2022 37
1/13/2022 37
dukkha –unhappiness…
dukkha-everything i.e.not happiness.
Everything we do pretty much ends up in
unhappiness if not skillfully handled all
phenomenon are unhappiness
•Rebirth is unhappiness
•old age is unhappiness
•death is unhappiness
•sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and
distress are unhappiness
•association with the disliked is unhappiness
•separation from the liked is unhappiness
•not getting what I want is unhappiness.
•In brief, greed, hatred and thirst for ego I am
is unhappiness.
•For Form, Sensation, Perception, Everything I doand
Consciousness is unhappiness
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.29, MN9, MN141 38
There are these four noble truths.What four?
•the noble truths of unhappiness
•the arising of unhappiness,
•the cessation of unhappiness
•and the practice that leads to the cessation of unhappiness.
These are the four noble truths.Of these four noble truths, there is one to be completely
understood, one to be given up, one to be realized, and one to be developed
dukkha-everything i.e.not happiness.
Everything we do pretty much ends up in
unhappiness if not skillfully handled all
phenomenon are unhappiness
•Rebirth is unhappiness
•old age is unhappiness
•death is unhappiness
•sorrow, lamentation, pain, sadness, and
distress are unhappiness
•association with the disliked is unhappiness
•separation from the liked is unhappiness
•not getting what I want is unhappiness.
•In brief, greed, hatred and thirst for ego I am
is unhappiness.
•For Form, Sensation, Perception, Everything I doand
Consciousness is unhappiness
1/13/2022 Ref: SN56.29, MN9, MN141 38
There are these four noble truths.What four?
•the noble truths of unhappiness
•the arising of unhappiness,
•the cessation of unhappiness
•and the practice that leads to the cessation of unhappiness.
These are the four noble truths.Of these four noble truths, there is one to be completely
understood, one to be given up, one to be realized, and one to be developed
dukkha –unhappiness
How is unhappiness arising?
•It’s the thirst that leads to future rebirth, mixed up with relishing
and greed, looking for enjoyment in various realms. That is, thirst
for sensual pleasures, thirst for continued existence, and thirst to
end existence.
•There are these four fuels. They maintain sentient beings that
have been born and help those that are about to be born. Solid
food, whether coarse or fine; contact is the second, mental
intention the third, and consciousness the fourth are four fuels
•These fuels arise from thirst and cease from ceasing of thirst
•“And what is the origin of thirst? In dependence on the sense
objects and sense bases, respective consciousness arises. The
meeting of the three is contact. With contact as condition,
feelingcomes to be with feeling as condition, thirst. This is how
unhappiness is accumulated. Ignoranceis the cause of this
accumulation
•Thirst arises due to an unpleasant feeling, with ignorance we
want to get rid of it asap, generate new moments of
consciousness, and find something which can generate pleasant
feeling, this may take few iterations and we keep deriving upon
one from another this is how unhappiness is accumulated and
conditioned
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.43,AN4.89 39
What is the cessation of unhappiness?
•It’s the fading away and cessation of that very same thirst
with nothing left over; giving it away, letting it go, releasing it,
and not adhering to it.
•This is called the cessation of unhappiness.
What is the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness?
It is simply this noble eightfold path, that is:And how is a
person a confirmed ascetic?It’s when a mendicant has right
view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood,
right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion.That’s
how a person is a confirmed ascetic.
This is called the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness.
How is unhappiness arising?
•It’s the thirst that leads to future rebirth, mixed up with relishing
and greed, looking for enjoyment in various realms. That is, thirst
for sensual pleasures, thirst for continued existence, and thirst to
end existence.
•There are these four fuels. They maintain sentient beings that
have been born and help those that are about to be born. Solid
food, whether coarse or fine; contact is the second, mental
intention the third, and consciousness the fourth are four fuels
•These fuels arise from thirst and cease from ceasing of thirst
•“And what is the origin of thirst? In dependence on the sense
objects and sense bases, respective consciousness arises. The
meeting of the three is contact. With contact as condition,
feelingcomes to be with feeling as condition, thirst. This is how
unhappiness is accumulated. Ignoranceis the cause of this
accumulation
•Thirst arises due to an unpleasant feeling, with ignorance we
want to get rid of it asap, generate new moments of
consciousness, and find something which can generate pleasant
feeling, this may take few iterations and we keep deriving upon
one from another this is how unhappiness is accumulated and
conditioned
1/13/2022 Ref: SN12.43,AN4.89 39
What is the cessation of unhappiness?
•It’s the fading away and cessation of that very same thirst
with nothing left over; giving it away, letting it go, releasing it,
and not adhering to it.
•This is called the cessation of unhappiness.
What is the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness?
It is simply this noble eightfold path, that is:And how is a
person a confirmed ascetic?It’s when a mendicant has right
view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood,
right effort, right mindfulness, and right immersion.That’s
how a person is a confirmed ascetic.
This is called the practice that leads to the cessation of
unhappiness.
What is Noble Eight-fold path?
And what is that middle way of practice?It is simply this noble eightfold path, that is below
•sammādiṭṭhi -Right View
•sammāsaṅkappo -Right Intention / Determination
•sammāvācā -Right Speech
•sammākammanto -Right Action
•sammāājīvo -Right Livelihood
•sammāvāyāmo -Right Effort
•sammāsati -Right Mindfulness
•sammāsamādhi -Right Immersion
This is that middle way of practice, which gives vision and knowledge, and leads to peace, direct knowledge,
awakening, and extinguishment
1/13/2022 40
And what is that middle way of practice?It is simply this noble eightfold path, that is below
•sammādiṭṭhi -Right View
•sammāsaṅkappo -Right Intention / Determination
•sammāvācā -Right Speech
•sammākammanto -Right Action
•sammāājīvo -Right Livelihood
•sammāvāyāmo -Right Effort
•sammāsati -Right Mindfulness
•sammāsamādhi -Right Immersion
This is that middle way of practice, which gives vision and knowledge, and leads to peace, direct knowledge,
awakening, and extinguishment
1/13/2022 40
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