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1. Questions When we close the Microsoft Word program, it prompts us to save the work. This is an example of____________ A) Familiarity B) Forgiveness C) Value judgment D) None

2. 2. The Boeing 7 3 7 Max 8 design concealed its _________ by using a forgiveness system. A) Familiarity B) cost C) Novelty D) none

3. 3. In MAYA, which of the following represents the component of human judgment? A) MA B) YA

4. 4. The 737 Max 8 episode portrays a situation where familiarity is_________ and forgiveness ___________ A) Falsely labelled, succeeded B) Falsely labelled, failed

5. 5. Acceptance of technology is related to its familiarity. This view is: Cultural B)Evolutionary C) Economical D) Moral

6. 6. Engineers constantly incorporate some degree of novelty in the stages of an artifact's evolution. Which of the following explains such a need? Novelty breeds liking Familiarity breeds contempt

7. Short answer 8. What is a category mistake involved in value judgements of technological artifacts ?

8. 9 . Which among the following co-exist as of now? Online learning platforms and learning in physical campuses Streaming televisions and normal televisions Amazon Kindle and books Landline telephones and mobile phones All of these

9. Questions: Can the U/F ratio be broken? How is it done?

10. Dvorak Vs Qwerty

11. Dvorak keyboard is estimated to improve typing efficiency by more than 30 percent, but has failed to rise in popularity because people prefer the more familiar QWERTY keyboard. Functional effectiveness is not preferred all the time

12. Termites Vs Gaudi (Ref. Daniel Dennet )

13. Dicrocoelium dendriticum Through the land snail  Cochlicopa lubrica  (synonym:  Cionella lubrica ) in the slime balls coughed up by the snails transfer the parasite. Ants carry it to sheep and cows.   (Ref. Daniel Dennet )

14. Designs by natural evolution and designs by Humans Purposeless Purposeful ? Costly Costly ? Slow Fast ? “Evolution is slow and costly, but its brilliant” - Francis Crick

15. Examples of postmodern designs

16. Ron Arad- Concrete Stereo- 1983

17. Frank Schreiner -Consumer's Rest chair-1990

18. 'Nothing Continues to Happen‘- Howard Meister-1980

19. Hilton Serving trolley - Javier Mariscal-1981

20. Richard Sapper-The whistling Kettle- 1984

21. Ettore Sottsass - ValentineTypewriter - 1969

22. Carlton cabinet, 1981 Design: Ettore Sottsass

23. What technology does to us?

24. Jeremy Bentham (1748 -1832)

25. Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

26. The Panopticon Prison (1700 AD)

27. The Panopticon Prison (1700 AD)

28. What technology can do? Control human body’s nature/instinct. Intrusion into body’s natural behaviors. Discipline us and ask us what is preferable.

29. Culture driven technology Where you are (the current market situation and your place in the society) drives your identity and behaviour. What you prefer is driven by the market. What you make is, therefore, conditioned by the market

30. Creativity as Incremental Advancement The next generation or next type of ‘anything’ you want to make is dependent on where we are and what we prefer currently. Feudal system- technology caters to each based on his/her place in this system Monarchical system- technology caters to each one based on his/her place in this system Capitalist system- technology caters to each one based on his/her place in this system.

31. Habits Giving and receiving gifts as products Going to restaurants Salaried employment Creation of a profile (social media or professional) “Settling in” with a house Medical insurance Certified knowledge

32. Indus Valley

33. 2,500,000 BC-present Lower Paleolithic 2,500,000-200,000 BC Middle Paleolithic 200,000-50,000 BC Upper Paleolithic 50,000-10,000 BC Mesolithic/Neolithic 10,000-3000 BC Bronze Age 3000-1000 BCE Iron Age 1000 BCE-present

34. 6000BCE (in Baluchistan) The Indus civilization grew out of several grouped farming cultures. Its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sindh and Punjab in contemporary Pakistan. By 4000 B.C.E., a distinctive, regional culture, called pre- Harappan , emerged in this area. Villagers had, by this time numerous crops, including peas, sesame seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as a wide range of domestic animals, including the water buffalo, an animal that remains essential to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today.

35. Indus Valley (2500 BCE-1700 BCE) First Discovered in 1921 (Harappa) Then in 1922 (Mohenjo-Daro) There are three ‘great’ ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus Valley Indus Valley is the last of the three

36. Indus Valley

37. Features Two main cities with population of approximately 17000. More than 100 towns and several villages. Sophisticated language with scripts ranging from 250-500 characters. Very close to some Dravidian languages.

38. Features Water management Seals for trade Copper, bronze, ivory Sewages, drains and drinking water plants Bricks (baked and non baked) Toys for kids, streets for kids.

39. Artefacts

40. Artefacts

41. Artefacts

42. Artefacts

43. Artefacts

44. Numerals Indus Numerals 1, 2, 2 x 4 = 8 3, 3 x 4 = 12 4, 4 x 4 = 16 5, 5 x 4 = 20 6, 6 x 4 = 24 7, 7 x 4 = 28

45. Features Developed a system of uniform weights and measures. Their smallest division was approximately 1.704 mm Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams

46. Features In addition, they evolved new techniques in metallurgy, and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable, especially in building docks after a careful study of tides, waves, and currents. Sophisticated medical/dental procedures with tools

47. Urbanization The evidence suggests they had a highly developed city life; houses had wells and bathrooms as well as an elaborate underground drainage system. Indus Valley cities display a well-planned urban system.

48. Decline By 1800 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization saw the beginning of their decline: Writing started to disappear, standardized weights and measures used for trade and taxation purposes fell out of use, the connection with the other civilizations were interrupted, and some cities were gradually abandoned.

49. Decline The reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but it is believed that the drying up of the Saraswati River, a process which had begun around 1900 BC, was the main cause. Other experts speak of a great flood in the area. Either event would have had catastrophic effects on agricultural activity, making the economy no longer sustainable and breaking the civic order of the cities.

50. Decline Around 1500 BCE, a large group of nomadic cattle-herders, the steppe pastoralists, migrated into the region from central Asia. Popularly known as “the Aryans” crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and came in contact with the Indus Valley Civilization. This was an invasion. This is also thought to be the reason for the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, but this hypothesis is not unanimously accepted today. 

51. Post-Indus Valley (after 1500 BCE) The language brought by the steppe pastoralists gained supremacy over the local languages

52. Technology and its relation to decline of a civilization In civilizations, technology originates/improves in the following four ways: (Protection of Human Life) Survival (Non-violent Communication) Interaction (Nature) Availability/non-availability of natural resources, natural disasters (Violent communication)Threat of invasion or conquest

53. Technology and its relation to decline of a civilization Flood? Most probably, the people in the Indus civilization, its rulers did not anticipate a threat of invasion?

54. Civilizations and Technology The question concerning ‘what should be something like’ is linked to a civilization’s response to what should be the purpose of life. Function of technology depends on “function” of human beings.

55. Post Harappan India Buddhism and Jainism flourished in India History of ancient India is the history of ancient Bihar Romila Thapar (Historian)

56. What is left behind

57. What is left behind…

58. What is left behind

59. What is left behind

60. What is left behind

61. What is left behind

62. Evolution from Neolithic to Medieval Stone Copper Bronze Iron

63. What else… Distillation Zinc processing

64. Iron was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE. The dates obtained so far group into three: three dates between c. 1200-900 cal BCE, three between c. 1400-1200 cal BCE, and five between c. 1800-1500 cal BCE.

65. Mahajanapadhas Anga , Assaka (or Asmaka), Avanti, Chedi, Gandhara , Kashi, Kamboja, Kosala, Kuru, Magadha, Malla, Machcha  ( or Matsya), Panchala, Surasena, Vriji, Vatsa  (or Vamsa)

66. Four main urbanized areas Avanti, Vatsa , Kosala and Magadh Maintained Iron tools and Weapons Territories with Army. Capital of Magadh is Pataliputra Bimbisara and Ajatasatru

67. Magadha’s Success Rich iron ores of Rajgir , Iron Technology Capitals: Rajgir and Patliputra Coins were made with iron Paid salaries to government employees with these coins

68. (600BC-1CE) Algorithms, calendars etc gears, tools and draw bars. architecture Distillation, Iron production, Sugar production

69. “Needham’s Question” What helped Europe progress from medieval to modern?

70. Civilizations and Technology The question concerning ‘what should be something like’ is linked to a civilization’s response to what is the function of life Function of technology depends on “function” of human beings.

71. Imagining the Future The romanticist Non-sustainable Because of (Nature) non-availability of technology to control natural resources, natural disasters

72. Imagining the Future 2) Conversion to Green (Biodegradable) Non-sustainable Because of (Non-violent Communication) Interaction (acceptance in Market, trade, economy)

73. Imagining the Future 3) Information (internet of things) Sustainable? Having more knowledge of things, knowing what to do with a hazardous junk etc. Not completely sustainable but we can definitely curb waste and manage better recycling.

74. Internet of Things Each entity in this world becomes unique. Products which are intelligent and can communicate. Communication between products/entities, internet and users. Issues: Privacy, data security, acceptance of market

75. Internet of things-Example How do we effectively distribute electricity. Networks of distribution can be made effective Smart meter Consumption of power will be regulated Clothes will be washed when power rates are cheaper, say after 10 PM. Behaviour of members in the house

76. CPS “Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Advances in CPS will enable capability, adaptability, scalability, resiliency, safety, security, and usability that will far exceed the simple embedded systems of today. CPS technology will transform the way people interact with engineered systems -- just as the Internet has transformed the way people interact with information. New smart CPS will drive innovation and competition in sectors such as agriculture, energy, transportation, building design and automation, healthcare, and manufacturing” -From the synopsis of NSF

77. Future of Technology Iron Age to present day----Divergence Present day to Future----Convergence

78. 1) Invention of suitcases with wheels (1970) by Bernard Sadow is an exception where _______­­fails. A) convergence B) satisficing C) flexibility-usability tradeoff D) operability

79. 2) The panopticon initially appeared in 1787 as an ideal architectural model for_________ A) office B) prison C) stadium D) none of these

80. 3) In modernist technology, _________ is prioritized over___________ A) form, function B) emotion, reason C) both A and B D) neither A nor B

81. 4) Which of the following technological inventions also contain panopticon ? A) clock B) speed bump C) both A and B D) neither A nor B

82. 5) Most technological inventions in history of technology support ___________ need based invention discontinuity thesis C) both A and B D) neither A nor B

83. 6) Abstraction is an essential feature in _____________ A) Bauhaus B) Memphis C) Studio Alchimia D) None of these

84. 7) Which of the following is not a feature of technology for Memphis? A) subjective experience B) multiple color C) short-life D) minimalism