Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction

Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction
Scope, Definition, branches of Anatomy and Physiology,
PCI Syllabus, B. Pharmacy, BP101T

1. Session II
1Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

2. Introduction to HAP
•Anatomy(Greekana+tome,'dissection')isthebranch
ofbiologyconcernedwiththestudyofthestructureof
organismsandtheirparts.Anatomyisabranchof
naturalsciencewhichdealswiththestructural
organizationoflivingthings.Itisanoldscience,having
itsbeginningsinprehistorictimes.
•Anatomyandphysiology,whichstudythestructureand
functionoforganismsandtheirpartsrespectively,make
anaturalpairofrelateddisciplines,andareoften
studiedtogether.Humananatomyisoneofthe
essentialbasicsciencesthatareappliedinmedicine.
2Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

3. History of Anatomy
Thehistoryofanatomyischaracterizedbya
progressiveunderstandingofthefunctionsofthe
organsandstructuresofthehumanbody.Methods
havealsoimproveddramatically,advancingfromthe
examinationofanimalsbydissectionofcarcasses
andcadavers(corpses)to20thcenturymedical
imagingtechniquesincludingX-ray,ultrasound,and
magneticresonanceimaging.
3Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

4. Scope of Anatomy
Thissubjectisdesignedtoimpart
fundamentalknowledgeonthestructureand
functionsofthevarioussystemsofthehuman
body.Italsohelpsinunderstandingboth
homeostaticmechanisms.Thesubjectprovides
thebasicknowledgerequiredtounderstandthe
variousdisciplinesofpharmacy.
4Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

5. Scope of Physiology
Itisthestudyoffunctionsandmechanismsof
livingorganisms.Itinvestigateshoworganisms,
organs,cellsandbio-moleculescarryouttheir
chemicalandphysicalfunctions.Humanphysiology,
aspecificbranchofphysiology,studieshowour
cells,musclesandorgansworktogetherandinteract.
5Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

6. Definition of Anatomy
DerivedfromtheGreekanatome"dissection"
(fromanatémno"Icutup,cutopen"from???aná
"up",andtémno"Icut"),anatomyisthescientific
studyofthestructureoforganismsincludingtheir
systems,organsandtissues.Itincludesthe
appearanceandpositionofthevariousparts,the
materialsfromwhichtheyarecomposed,their
locationsandtheirrelationshipswithotherparts.
6Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

7. Definition of Physiology
Physiology(fromAncientGreek(physis)'nature,
origin',and(-logia)'studyof')isthescientificstudyof
functionsandmechanismsinalivingsystem.Asa
sub-disciplineofbiology,physiologyfocusesonhow
organisms,organsystems,individualorgans,cells,
andbio-moleculescarryoutthechemicalandphysical
functionsinalivingsystem.
7Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

8. Branches of HAP
Thedisciplineofanatomyisdividedintomacroscopic
andmicroscopic.Macroscopicanatomy,orgross
anatomy,istheexaminationofananimal'sbodyparts
usingunaidedeyesight.Grossanatomyalsoincludes
thebranchofsuperficialanatomy.Microscopic
anatomyinvolvestheuseofopticalinstrumentsinthe
studyofthetissuesofvariousstructures,knownas
histology,andalsointhestudyofcells.
8Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

9. Branches of Anatomy
1.Embryology
2.Developmental biology
3.Histology
4.Surface anatomy
5.Radiographic anatomy
6.Pathological anatomy
9Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

10. Branches of Physiology
•Neurophysiology
•Endocrinology
•Cardiovascular physiology
•Immunology
•Respiratory physiology
•Renal physiology
•Exercise physiology
•Patho-physiology
10Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

11. Why study HAP
BasicunderstandingofbothAnatomyand
Physiologyistheminimumrequirementforany
healthcareprofessionalandPharmacistisanintegral
aswellasimportantpartofthehealthcaredelivery
teamandsoapharmacistmusthavethebasic
knowledgeaboutthesetwosubjects.
11Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS

12. Session 3 Topics
These are the topics we will discuss in the next
session of HAP. So come prepared.
•Levels of Structural Organization.
•Anatomical Nomenclature.
•Anatomical terms and their meaning
12Dr Jyoti Prasad Pattnaik, MBBS