Human and Draft animal Power

Human and Animal are one of the power sources that could be used in agricultural development. This presentation will has discussion and simple computations.

1. Human & Draft Animal Power
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

2. Introduction
Landcannotbetilled,seedcannotbeplanted,andcropscannotbeharvested
withoutenergy.Thevariousformsofhumanandanimalpowerandthemeansof
harnessingthemforagriculture,aswellastheircharacteristics,advantages,andlimitations,
arediscussedinthispresentation.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

3. Relationships among force, work and power
FORCE
•Aforcecanbevisualizedasapullorpushthattendstomoveanobject.
•Intillagetools,thisforceisusuallyreferredtoasdraft.
•Units:Newton(N),kilogramofforce(kgf),poundofforce(lbf)
WORK
•Thetermworkincludesthedimensionsofforceanddistance.
•Work=forcexdistance
•Thetimerequiredtodoajobisnotpartofthedefinitionofwork.Toplowonehectareof
landrequiresthesameamountofworkwhetherthejobiscompletedinadayoranhour.
•Units:Newton-meter(N-m),kilogramofforce-meter(kgf-m),Joule(J)
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

4. Relationships among force, work and power
POWER
•Powersistherateatwhichworkisperformed.
•Thefastertheworkisdone,thegreaterthepowerrequirement.
•Units:horsepower(hp),kilowatt(kW),Newton-meterpersecond(N-m/s),pferdestarke
(ps)
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

5. Units of Measurements
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

6. Units of Measurements
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

7. Conversion of Units
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Length
1km=1000m
1m=100cm
1m=3.28ft
1cm=10mm
Mass
1kg=2.2lbs
1kg=1000g
Time
1hr=60min
1min=60s
1hr=3,600s
Force
1N=0.225lbf
Work
1N-m=1J
Power
1J/s=1W
1hp=33,000ft-lbf/min
1hp=0.746kW

8. Sample Calculations
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Convertthefollowing:
2m=__ft
2m=__cm
2kg=__lbs
2mx
3.28ft
1m
=6.56ft
2mx
100cm
1m
=200cm
2kgx
2.2lbs
1kg
=4.4lbs

9. Sample Calculations
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
1.5hr=__s
1lbf=__N
2hp=__kW
3kW=__hp
1.5hrx
3,600??????
1hr
=5,400s
1lbfx
1N
0.225lbf
=4.44N
2hpx
0.746kW
1hp
=1.49kw
3kWx
1hp
0.746kW
=4.02hp

10. Human Power
•Humanpoweristhelowestamongthepower
sources.Butitcanperformsomeagricultural
operationsthatrequireslowpowerrequirement.
•Mandevelopsatotalpowerof0.5hpfromthe
foodheeats.However,only0.1hpisavailablefor
usefulwork.Theremainderisexpendedonbodily
functions.
•Humanscannotcompetesuccessfullywithanimals
orenginesasasourceofpowerforrepetitivejobs
suchaspumpingwaterforirrigation.
•AHumanisunique,however,becauseof
intelligence.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Figure 1. Human-powered treadle pump (Campbell, 1990)

11. Man-Hour Requirement
•Man-hourperhectaredescribestherateatwhichanoperationcanbeperformed.Thisis
canbeusedinestimatinghowmuchpersoncandothejobinagivenarea;orhowlong
willittakeforthegivennumberofpersonstocompletetheoperation.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Table 1. Man hour requirement for various agricultural operations

12. Man-Hour Requirement
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

13. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

14. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

15. Draft Animal Power
Draftanimalpowerreferstothemusclepowerofdraught
animalsusedforthefollowingtasks:
a)pullingagriculturalimplements
b)haulingcarts
c)givingmotivepowertodevicessuchaswater
pumps,caneandseedcrushers,andelectricity
generationequipment
d)carryingloadsontheback,aspackanimals
e)handling,draggingandstackingtimberlogsin
forests
f)haulingsledgesinsnow-coveredregions.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

16. Draft Animal Power
•Domesticworkanimalsexistinallregions
oftheworld.Animalsassistineliminating
poverty,reducingdrudgeryandcreationof
wealth.Animaltractionisparticularly
importantforfoodsecurityinsmallholder
farmingsystems.Animalscanassist
directlywithcropproduction(ploughing,
planting,andweeding).
•Foodproduction,distributionandrural
tradearealsoassistedthroughanimal-
poweredtransport(on-farm,marketing,
riding,packtransport).Animalssave
household(womenandchildren)timeand
effortbycarryingwaterandfuelwood.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

17. Draft Animal Power
•Animalpowercanalsobeusedforwater-
lifting,milling,loggingandland
excavationandroadconstruction.Many
differenttypesofanimalareemployed,
particularlycattle(oxen,bullsandcows),
buffaloes,horses,mules,donkeysand
camels.
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

18. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
•Adraftanimal’sforceisapproximately10%ofitsweight.
Horseshaveahigheroutputthanotheranimals.Unlikea
tractor,ananimalcannotbeworkedcontinuously.
•Theperiodduringwhichananimalcanbeworkeddaily
usuallyvariesfrom8to10hoursforhorsesandmules,and
from6to8hoursforadultoxen.(Campbell,1990)

19. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
•The force system acting on a draft animal. Increasing the angle
of pull (α) will reduce the implement draft.
•The angle of pull (α) should be 30 degree.

20. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
Table 2. Draft and horsepower of man and various animals.
Source: (Campbell, 1990)
•Belowisthetableforvariousdraftanimalsanditsdraftpower.However,itisimpossible
toprovidedatafordraftanimals,sinceperformancedependsonindividual
characteristicssuchasbreed,weight,sex,age,training,qualityoffeed,andsoon.
(Campbell,1990)

21. Draft Animal Power
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
AnimalPower=draftxspeed
where:
draft = N, lbf, Kgf
speed = m/s, ft/s
animal power = W, N-m/s

22. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

23. Sample problems
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer

24. Factors affecting Animal Performance
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
1.Environmental Conditions
2.Choice of Animals
3.Use of animals
4.Livestock Management

25. Disadvantages
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
•Require feed and care when not working.
•Work at heavy load limited to short period
•Require frequent resting period
•Cannot work efficiently in hot weather.
•Working speed is limited and relatively low.
•Not efficient for stationary work.
•Require a relatively large amount of time for feeding,
harnessing, and care.

26. References
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BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Course code & title: AGEN 100 –Basic Farm Machineries and Farm Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Vincent S. Dangan, Professional Agricultural Engineer
•Campbell, J. K. (1990). Dibble Sticks, Donkeys, and Diesels. International Rice Research Institute.
•Belonio, D. A. (2019). Human and Draft Animal Power
•http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/draugth_ap_overview.pdf