Human Behavior and Social Environment I Chapter 12 .pptx

Human Behavior and social environment chapter 12; toddlerhood and early childhood

1. Chapter 12: Toddlerhood and Early Childhood

2. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Toddler: 12 to 36 months in age Toddlerhood experiences vary Continue to struggle for self-control and emotion regulation and expand motor and language skills Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 2

3. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Early Childhood: ages 3 to 6 years Turn their attention more to the external environment, working to discover some stability and regularity in the external world Major influences: Family, School, Peer groups, The neighborhood, The media “Universal early childhood” criticized Differences based on class, race, ethnicity, gender, geography, and time Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 3

4. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Physical Development Weight gain and appetite changes Picky eating typical Malnutrition is a problem globally Stunting - short for their age due to nutritional deficits Overweight - too heavy for their height because of food intake high in calories Wasting - are too thin for their height because of acute malnutrition Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 4

5. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Physical Development Brain growth is slower than it was in infancy, but still rapid (reaching 90% of adult size by age 5 Synaptic blooming – overproduction of synapses, peaks around 2 to 3 years Synaptic pruning - reduction of the synapses to improve the efficiency of brain functioning Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 5

6. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Physical Development Lateralization - two hemispheres of the brain begin to operate slightly differently, allowing for a wider range of activity Left - analytical skills, including speaking and reading Right - emotional expression and spatial skills, such as visual imagery Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 6

7. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Toddler remains in Sensorimotor Stage Substages during toddlerhood… Tertiary circular reactions (12 to 18 months) - become more creative problem solvers Mental representation (18 months to 2 years) - use thinking skills and retain mental images of objects, begin to imitate others Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 7

8. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Preoperational Stage – late toddlerhood into early childhood Substages … Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 3) - development of symbolic representation and deferred imitation, or later imitating viewed images Preconceptual and intuitive stages (ages 4 to 7) - children use language to represent objects Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 8

9. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective Social context shapes us Learning through collaboration, which in children comes from interacting with more skilled partners who serve as models “Scaffolding” is provided by the model, allowing the child to bridge the gap between current knowledge and the task at hand Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 9

10. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Information-Processing Theory In early childhood, children become better at attending to stimuli, encoding and retrieving memories, and problem solving Ability to sustain attention increases, but attention switching skills remain limited Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 10

11. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Information-Processing Theory Memory Recognition - ability to recognize a stimulus that was encountered before, nearly perfect in 4- and 5-year-old children Recall - ability to generate a memory of a stimulus that was encountered earlier without seeing it again, is much less developed Autobiographical - memory of personally meaningful events, develops steadily from 3 to 6 years Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 11

12. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Information-Processing Theory Infantile amnesia - most people have no memories prior to age 3 Cognitive flexibility – rapid growth during early childhood the ability to change problem-solving strategies when an initial strategy doesn’t work Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 12

13. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Theory of Mind Theory of mind Children’s awareness of their own and other people’s mental processes and to the understanding that other people can have different states of awareness than our own “False-belief tests” For example, children tend to believe that if they know the location of a hidden object, so do people who just walked into the room Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 13

14. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Cognitive and Language Development: Language Skills By the age of 4, communication is sophisticated: children use sentences of 8 to 10 words Overregularization - As they figure out new grammar rules, they are overly regular in using those rules Two approaches studying language: Mental processes (shaped by genetics) Social contexts (shaped by environment) Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 14

15. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Moral Development: Understanding Moral Development Psychodynamic approach – conscience is the basis of a moral code (id, ego, superego) Social learning approach - behavior is shaped by environmental reinforcements and punishments Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 15

16. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Moral Development: Understanding Moral Development Cognitive development approach - children’s moral judgments change as their cognitive development allows them to examine the logical and abstract aspects of moral dilemmas Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 16

17. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Moral Development: Understanding Moral Development Preconventional level of moral reasoning (Kohlberg) Substage 1 children operate on what gets them rewarded or punished Substage 2 children operate on what results for reward for the child or someone they care about Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 17

18. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Moral Development: Understanding Moral Development All of these approaches have been criticized for leaving out two key ingredients Empathy - ability to understand another person’s emotional condition Perspective taking - ability to see a situation from another person’s point of view Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 18

19. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Moral Development: Helping Young Children Develop Morally Help control and understand behavior Religion’s role uncertain, effects vary… Religion that emphasizes love, concern, and social justice can enrich the young child’s moral development Religion that is harsh and judgmental often produces guilt and a sense of worthlessness Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 19

20. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Personality and Emotional Development: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Important developmental themes in early childhood…self-direction, agency, self-management, self-regulation Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 20

21. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Personality and Emotional Development: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (18 mo – 3 yrs ) High autonomy - tend to feel proud, exercise control over bodily functions and relate well with close people Low autonomy - ashamed of and self-conscious; fear a loss of love, overly concerned about parental approval To develop autonomy, children need firm limits but still need the freedom to explore their environment. Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 21

22. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Personality and Emotional Development: Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Initiative vs. guilt (3 – 6 yrs ) At the beginning, children are focused on relationships in the family By the end of the stage, children tend to be focused on relationships with friends Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 22

23. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Personality and Emotional Development: Emotions Struggles for self-control are a major task Even negative emotions are adaptive Self-regulation by age 6 enough to learn, follow rules, and develop friendships, but they remain vulnerable to environmental stress due to their emotional receptivity Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 23

24. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Personality and Emotional Development: Aggression Increases during the early childhood years Instrumental aggression - used to pursue a specific purpose Hostile aggression - meant to hurt another individual Physical aggression - physical force against another person Relational aggression - behaviors that damage relationships without physical force Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 24

25. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Personality and Emotional Development: Attachment Feelings of security come from attachment relationships Transitional object Symbol of relationship with caretaker Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 25

26. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Personality and Emotional Development: Attachment Attachment style shapes developmental trajectory into early childhood: Anxiously attached toddlers are more dependent on their mothers and perform more poorly on teaching tasks Securely attached toddlers are more inquisitive, self-sufficient, and positive, as well as being better at emotion regulation Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 26

27. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Social Development: Peer Relations Play routines Toddlers can establish relationships, but they are fragile and social play is a struggle if it is unstructured Built by doing things together Peer relationships in early childhood are associated with early attachments Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 27

28. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Social Development: Self-Concept Self-theory - use of categorization to think about the self Self-esteem – the way one evaluates the self in relation to others Positive/negative view of self Messages of love, admiration, and approval = positive Rejection and scorn = negative Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 28

29. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Social Development: Gender Role Development and Sexual Interests Gender - cognitive, emotional, and social schemes associated with being female or male Gender identity (by age 2), one’s sense of being male or female Gender stability (by age 3) Gender constancy (by age 4–7) Genital basis of gender (same time as constancy) Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 29

30. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Social Development: Gender Role Development and Sexual Interests Gender typing Expectations about people’s behavior based on their assigned biological sex Learned in childhood through interactions with adults, from the media, and with peers Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 30

31. Typical Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood. Social Development: Racial and Ethnic Identity Self-identify with racial group by ages 3–4 Self-identify with an ethnic group around 5-8 Young children show a preference for members of their own race over another, but they do not reject others based on race Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 31

32. The Role of Play Essential to all development aspects Aids in developing motor skills in physical development Improves problem-solving and communication in cognitive development Gives the self-confidence needed for emotional growth Develops cooperation and conflict resolution Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 32

33. The Role of Play Recommended play materials vary Due to age and developmental level Technology use highly controversial Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 33

34. The Role of Play Symbolic play Fantasy, pretend, or imaginary Functions of symbolic play in early childhood: An opportunity to explore reality. A contributor to cognitive development. A source of practice for morality. A means of allowing young children to gain control over their lives. A shared experience and opportunity for development of peer culture. Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 34

35. The Role of Play Sociodramatic play Group fantasy play in which children coordinate their fantasy May be the most important form of early childhood play. Young children are able to develop more elaborate fantasy play and sustain it by forming friendship groups, which in turn gives them experience with group conflict and group problem solving that carries over into the adult world. Assists in understanding and following rules. Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 35

36. Developmental Delays and Disabilities Delays or lags Used to describe most developmental problems in very young children Offers hope that early intervention, or even natural processes, will mitigate the long-term effects Developmental disabilities Long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments that May hinder their full and effective participation in society Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 36

37. Developmental Delays and Disabilities Prevention… Primary -- reduce the incidence of developmental disabilities caused by diverse biological and environmental risk factors such as malnutrition and poverty Secondary -- early detection Tertiary -- comprehensive community-based programs Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 37

38. Developmental Delays and Disabilities Parental stress Early intervention produce better outcomes in comparison with interventions for school-aged children Studies of intervention with early impairments developmental disabilities such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and seizure disorder especially critical in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 38

39. Early Childhood Education Formal education supports: Social awareness and group skills Cognitive development and work skills Readiness for primary school Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 39

40. Early Childhood Education Education at this age is a key factor in equalizing the playing field for individuals from lower-income families Enrollment rates and program quality vary across world Decreased access for low-income families Head Start Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 40

41. Toddlerhood and Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family Curiosity and experimentation are hallmarks of toddlerhood and early childhood The family is the primary source of information and a model for relationships Parents and older siblings primarily Parental roles: Educator role Advocate role Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 41

42. Toddlerhood and Early Childhood in the Multigenerational Family Grandparents as primary caregivers Feelings of purpose or stress Grandparents are often important figures in the lives of young children even when they do not serve as primary caregivers and provide: Cash assistance or gifts Parenting advice Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 42

43. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Poverty Inadequate nutrition and health care Restricted play opportunities Developmental delays Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 43

44. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Homelessness Health and violence risks Disruption of learning and routines Homeless parents need social support system that links them to services who might offer resources and options that support them in engaging in effective parenting Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 44

45. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Ineffective Discipline Discipline - used to teach and socialize children toward acceptable behavior Discipline style is highly impacted by parenting style Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 45

46. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Parenting Styles… Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 46

47. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Divorce and Parental Relationship Dissolution Three factors for healthy adjustment: Basic needs met Ongoing interaction with important people Cooperative relationship between parents Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 47

48. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Violence: Community Violence Exposed through media, video games and other sources Pervasive effect on family/community life Interferes with natural curiosity Anxiety and PTSD symptoms Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 48

49. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Violence: Domestic Violence Verbal, psychological, or physical Physical, emotional, cognitive, social impacts most apparent in attachment disruptions developed from ages 3 to 6 Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 49

50. Risks to Healthy Development in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Violence: Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment Any act, intentional or not, that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse Neglect Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 50

51. Protective Factors in Toddlerhood and Early Childhood Social support Positive parent–child relationship Effective parenting Self-esteem Good emotional self-regulation Intelligence Support for early learning Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 51

52. Implications for Social Work Practice Remain familiar with theories On development, signs of abuse, environmental effects on children Advocate for social justice Elimination of poverty, advancement of social justice, elimination of violence Facilitate access to toddler services Service access, effective assessment, education Hutchison, Essentials of Human Behavior 3rd Edition. © SAGE Publications, 2021. 52