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1. Physical Geography Prepared by : kawsar Fuad supervisor: Dr. Daban

2. Content Introduction Geography Branchs OF geography Physical Geography Human geography Lithosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere References

3. Geography Introduction geography as a field of study. The course consists of an extensive examination of physical and cultural factors that contribute to and produce the variable character of the earth's surface and a discussion of the significance of geographic concepts and factors to world affairs

4. Branchs OF geography geography has two major subdivisions, human geography (social science) physical geography (natural science). 

5. Physical Geography Physical geography studies the features and dynamic processes of landform, climate, hydrology, soil and ecology

6. Human geography Human geography   Emphasizing the study of geographic influences on human society, human geography focuses on people, their cultures, and the interactions they have with their surroundings, including the study of political, social, and economic factors. .

7. lithosphere lithosphere, rigid, rocky outer layer of the  Earth , consisting of the crust and the solid outermost layer of the upper  mantle . It extends to a depth of about 60 miles (100 km). It is broken into about a dozen separate, rigid blocks, or plates ( see   plate tectonics ). Slow convection currents deep within the mantle, generated by radioactive heating of the interior, are believed to cause the lateral movements of the plates (and the continents that rest on top of them) at a rate of several inches per year .

8. hydrosphere hydrosphere, discontinuous layer of  water  at or near Earth’s surface. It includes all liquid and frozen surface waters,  groundwater  held in  soil  and  rock , and atmospheric water vapour . Water is the most abundant substance at the surface of  Earth . About 1.4 billion cubic km (326 million cubic miles) of water in liquid and frozen form make up the  oceans ,  lakes , streams,  glaciers , and groundwaters found there. It is this enormous volume of water, in its various  manifestations , that forms the discontinuous layer, enclosing much of the terrestrial surface, known as the hydrosphere.

9. biosphere The biosphere, which includes the ground and the air, is characterized as the region of the planet where organisms live. The biosphere is defined as the region on, above, and below the Earth’s surface where life exists. The biosphere is a narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and air combine to sustain life. Life can only occur in this zone. From fungi and bacteria to large animals, there are several different types of life. The biosphere is characterized as an area that contains all living organisms and the products of their activities. As a result, it plays a critical role in the maintenance of ecosystems, i.e., the existence of species and their reciprocal interactions. And the biosphere is critical for climate regulation.

10.  atmosphere An  atmosphere   is a layer of  gas  or layers of gases that envelop a  planet , and is held in place by the  gravity  of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the  temperature  of the atmosphere is low. [1]  A  stellar atmosphere  is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the  opaque   photosphere ; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound  molecules . The  atmosphere of Earth  is composed of  nitrogen  (78%),  oxygen  (21%),  argon  (0.9%),  carbon dioxide  (0.04%) and trace gases. [2]  Most organisms use oxy

11. Geomorphology  is the study of the Earth’s surface and how it is shaped . Hydrology  addresses the quantity and quality of the planet’s water as it exists in the soil, rivers, lakes, and aquifers . Glaciology  is the branch of physical geography that studies glaciers and ice sheets. Biogeography  focuses on distribution patterns of plant and animal species and the forces that cause those patterns.

12. Climatology  deals with climate, or weather viewed over an extended period . Meteorology  examines weather viewed over a short period, with an emphasis on forecasting. Pedology  is the science that deals with the study of soils in their natural environment. Environmental geography  looks at the spatial details of how humans interface with nature.

13. References https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/lithosphere-vector-illustration-labeled-educational-earth-1712576995 https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere