Human growth and development

In this ppt, The developmental stages of Humans is explained.

1. Human growth and Development

2. Definition of Growth and Development According to Psychology GROWTH is the physical change that a particular individual undergoes DEVELOPMENT is the overall growth of humans throughout the lifespan. DEVELOPMENT includes GROWTH

3. Growth Refers to cell multiplication or quantitative changes in size, weight and number Can be measured in inches or centimetres and in pounds Signifies the series of physical changes from conception to maturity. ACCORDING TO ELIZABETH HURLOCK • GROWTH is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones According to Crow and Crow (1962) • Growth refers to structural and physiological changes

4. Development Development specify maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and indicates acquisition of a variety of skills for optimal functioning of the individual According to Hurlock(1959) • Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience. According to J.E. Anderson(1950) • Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situations. Eg. The ability to grasp objects

5. Development The sequence of the development is the same for all children, but the rate of development varies from child to child

6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT The term is used in purely physical sense. It generally refers to increase in size, length. Development implies overall change in shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning. Changes in the quantitative aspects come into the domain of Growth. Changes in the quality or character rather than the quantitative aspects comes in this domain. It is a part of developmental process. Development in its quantitative aspect is termed as growth. It is a comprehensive and wider term and refers to overall changes in the individual. Growth does not continue throughout life. It stops when maturity has been attained Development is a wider and comprehensive term and refers to overall changes in the individual. It continues throughout life and is progressive.

7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT Growth involves body changes. Development involves changes of an orderly, coherent type tending towards the goal of maturity. The changes produced by growth are the subject of measurement. They may be quantified. Development implies improvement in functioning and behavior and hence bring qualitative changes which are difficult to be measured directly. Growth is cellular . It takes place due to the multiplication of cells Development is organizational. It is organization of all the parts which growth and differentiation have produced. Growth may or may not bring development. Development is also possible without growth.

8. Stages of growth and development There are five stages Infancy - From Birth to two years Childhood - 2-12 yrs Early Childhood - 2-6 yrs Late childhood - 6-12 yrs 3. Adolescence - 12-19 yrs Adulthood - 19-65 yrs Early Adulthood - 19-40 yrs Late Adulthood - 40-65 yrs 5. Old age - From 65 years to death

9. Stages of growth and development Pre-natal Period This is from conception to birth. The inherited characteristics from the parents are also imparted during this period.

10. The Period of Infancy or Babyhood From birth to two years Basic physical and physiological behavior patterns begin to develop such as rolling, crawling, sitting, walking, laughing, taking solid food, controlling the elimination of wastes, learning sex differences. Etc The baby begin to learn the rudiments of right and wrong. Dramatic changes in the body and brain Emergence of motor, perceptual and intellectual(mental) capacities

11. The Period of Infancy or Babyhood

12. Childhood Early Childhood Motor skills are refined Thought and language expand Moral behaviour starts Children begin to establish ties with peers. Late Childhood Atheletic abilities improve Logical thought process Basic literacy skills Understanding of self Mingle with friends and group

13. Adolescence Adult sized body and attains sexual maturity Thought become abstract and idealistic School achievement become serious Autonomy in home

14. Adulthood Early Adulthood Complete Education Find full time job. Buy home Marriage life Late Adulthood Reach career heights Attain leadership Help children to lead an independent life

15. Old age Retirement Decreased physical strength and health Death of spouse Reflect the meaning of their lives

16. Areas of development PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Includes muscle coordination and control, growth in size and in proportion. Examples: a child rolling over, lifting its head, or sitting up. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: The ability of the brain or mind to take in and process information. Examples: a child recognizing their name, or recognizing a parent, recognizing that when they shake a rattle it will make a noise. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A child learning and discovering the expectations and rules for interacting with others. Examples: a child smiling at mother, a child learning to share a toy with a friend.

17. Areas of development EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: The ability to recognize and understand feelings and how to respond to them appropriately. Example: a child feeling jealousy due to a new baby in the family, a child feeling love for another person, a child being afraid of the dark. MORAL DEVELOPMENT: Identifying personal values. Examples: right or wrong, behaving according to what others need or want, respecting human rights, developing principles to guide behavior .

18. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth Infant period (0-2 Yrs ) The word “ Infans ” means “unable to speak” Physical development Weight doubles by five months of age Triples by twelve months of age Quadruples by twenty four months of age The height of a new born is 19,5 inches approximately By 12 months increase by 29.5 inches.

19. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth Infant period (0-2 Yrs ) Grasping power of brain is fast Memory power increases Emotional and cannot able to control their emotions.

20. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth childhood period (3-12 Yrs ) Have enough control on their muscles Development is strong and vigorous Thinking ability, memory, logic, decision making capabilities increases. Learn to control their emotions. Social qualities develop. Courageous, imaginative, resourceful and adventurous. Arms and legs grow longer than the trunk Less fat tissue than childhood

21. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adolescent period (13-19 Yrs ) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Physical changes like change in voice Girls voice soft, Boys voice become rough. Height, weight, bone, muscle power increases and physical organs become mature. Because of this they are restless, impatient, worried and upset naturally.

22. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adolescent period (13-19 Yrs ) MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS Interested in viewing and reading thrilling, imaginative stories, cartoons and fictions. Ability to criticise, take decision, eagerness, curiosity, novel thoughts, ideas develop Demand self respect, dignity, self dependence. Have high aspirations. Indulge in day dreaming. Need a healthy environment and proper guidance.

23. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adolescent period (13-19 Yrs ) EMOTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Hyper active Sometimes feel they are on top of the world and again feel depressed. Day dreaming, imaginative Unable to control their emotions. Cannot bear disrespect and disgrace. Do not like the suggestion given by someone.

24. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adolescent period (13-19 Yrs ) SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS Friends are important Exchange their views, knowledge and experiences with one another. Long for leadership and recognition Try to present themselves better than others. Interest to participate in recreational activities. Develop socially acceptable qualities.

25. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adolescent period (13-19 Yrs ) MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS Motor coordination improves at this stage Rapid development of maximum strength and explosive strength particularly in boys. Performances in various sports increases.

26. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adulthood period (20-65 Yrs ) E ARLY ADULTHOOD Physical abilities are at the peak. Muscle strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac functioning Cognitive abilities are steady, Sportsman's are at the top of the performances. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Wrinkles develop and the organs don’t function effectively. Skin loses elasticity and the five sense organs function begin to decline. Gain weight, hair become thin and turn grey.

27. Developmental characteristics at different stages of Growth adulthood period (20-65 Yrs ) LATE ADULTHOOD Skin loses elasticity and the five sense organs function begin to decline. Gain weight, hair become thin and turn grey. Increases. Memory loss Chronic diseases like arthritis, hypertension etc develop.

28. Factors influencing Growth and Development Heredity factors Environment factors Gender Nationality Nutrition Personal factors

29. Heredity factors Genes are responsible for the transfer of characters Gametes from father and mother fused to form a zygote, Genes decide the skin, blood group, colour and structure If genes are not healthy because of mutation, growth and development may not be proper.

30. Environment factors Internal environmental factors – Inner conditions of the individuals body like temperature, illness etc.. External environmental factors Physical environment like climate, weather, altitude and other geographical conditions. Proper growth is not possible in extreme climate, Density of a population Local environment – It should be clean and tidy Standard of living Social environment moral and ethical laws, customs and traditions

31. Gender Boys are taller Body constitution and structural growth of girls and boys are different Girls are more affectionate, co-operative and sympathetic NATIONALITY Influences colour, height, weight, facial features and body construction of human beings Due to location, altitude, food habits, other facilities and natural resources.

32. Nutrition Balanced diet Malnutrition leads to underweight Vitamins , minerals and essential amino acids should be supplied in diet. Deficiency of zinc – stunted growth Iodine – stunted growth Calcium, phosphorous , manganese and magnesium – growth of bones

33. Personal factors Physical exercise Glands – Growth hormone over function leads to gigantism and less function leads to Dwarfism. Rest, relaxation and sleep Diseases and injury Will power