HUMAN-GROWTH-AND-DEVELOPMENT-2nd-SEm-12-13.pptx

Art appreciation

1. HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (Developmental Psychology)

2. Developmental Psychology It is the branch of Psychology that studies inter-individual changes within these intra-individual changes.

3. Developmental Psychology It explains the age-related changes in behaviour in terms of antecedent-consequence relationships.

4. Developmental Psychology - It gives a complete picture of growth and decline.

5. Meaning of Developmental Changes Development it is a progressive series of changes that occur as result of maturation and experience.

6. Meaning of Developmental Changes Development It implies qualitative change which means that, development does not consist merely of adding inches to one’s height or of improving one’s ability, instead, it is a complex process of integrating many structures and functions.

7. 2 Antagonistic Processes in Development 1. Growth or Evolution - Both begin at birth and end at death. - In the early years - growth predominates (even through atrophic changes occur as early as embryonic life).

8. 2 Antagonistic Processes in Development 2. Atrophy or Involution -In latter part of life – atrophy predominates (through growth does not stop). - Hair continue to grow and cells continue to be replaced.

9. “The Human Being Is Never Static” From the conception to death, change is constantly taking place in Physical and Psychological capacities.

10. “The Human Being Is Never Static” - Often, the pattern of change resembles a bell-shaped curved, rising abruptly at the start and then flattening out during the middle years, only to decline slowly and abruptly in old age.

11. Goal of Developmental Changes It is to enable people to adapt to the environment in which they live.

12. Goal of Developmental Changes “ Self-actualization” or “Self-realization” - is the end goal of Developmental changes.

13. Goal of Developmental Changes “ Self-actualization” or “Self-realization” It is the urge to become the person, both physically and psychologically, that one wants to be .

14. Goal of Developmental Changes “ Self-actualization” or “Self-realization” It is the urge to do what one is fitted to do.

15. - How people express this urge depends on the individuals’ innate abilities and training, not only during the early, formative years of childhood as he or she grows older and come under greater pressures to conform to social expectations.

16. Attitudes toward Developmental Changes Although changes of a physical or psychological nature are constantly taking place, many people are only vaguely aware of them unless they occur abruptly or markedly affect the pattern of their lives.

17. Attitudes toward Developmental Changes Changes in old age occur at a slower pace than those of childhood or adolescence.

18. Attitudes toward Developmental Changes There is a tendency for most people to regard the past as better the present.

19. Attitudes toward Developmental Changes When children look forward to the day when they will be “teenagers”, when that time comes, they often long for the carefree days of their childhood.

20. Attitudes toward Developmental Changes Many who look forward to retirement wish, they could go back to earlier years when their usefulness and prestige were recognized by the social group.

21. FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES

22. Changes that improve appearance are welcome and lead to favorable attitudes. Changes that detract from one’s appearance are resisted and every possible attempt is made to camouflage them. Appearance

23. When behaviour changes are disconcerting, they affect attitudes towards the changes unfavourably. The reverse is true when changes are favorable . BEHAVIOR

24. Cultural Stereotypes associated with different ages are used to judge people of those ages. Cultural Stereotypes

25. Cultural values Every culture has certain values associated with different ages. Maximum productivity, thus a more favorable attitude, is associated with young through early middle-age adulthood.

26. Attitudes toward people of different ages are greatly influenced by the roles they play. Less favourable changes in roles cause less sympathetic social attitude. Role Changes

27. Have profound effect on an individual’s attitude toward developmental changes. Personal Experiences

28. SIGNIFICANT FACTS about

29. Significant Facts about Development 1). Early foundations are critical. Attitudes, habits and patterns of behaviour established during the early years determine to a large extent how successfully will adjust to life as they grow older.

30. Significant Facts about Development - These attitudes, remain more or less persistent throughout life and color the individual perception of people and situations. - Early patterns do tend to persist, but they are not unchangeable.

31. Significant Facts about Development - Because early foundations are likely to be persistent, it is important that they be of be kind that will lead to good personal and social adjustments.

32. Significant Facts about Development “White” contends that the foundations laid during the first two years of life are the most critical.

33. Significant Facts about Development “Erickson –claims that babyhood is the period when individuals learn general attitudes of trust and mistrust , depending on how parents gratify their child’s needs for food, attention and love.

34. Significant Facts about Development Early patterns do tend to persist, but they are not unchangeable.

35. Significant Facts about Development 3 Conditions under which Change is likely to occur 1. Change may come about when the individual receives help and guidance in making the change.

36. 3 CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CHANGE IS LIKELY TO OCCUR 2. Change is likely to occur when significant people treat individuals in new and different ways.

37. 3 CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH CHANGE IS LIKELY TO OCCUR 3. Change exists when there is strong motivation on the part of the individuals themselves to make the change.

38. Knowing that early foundations tend to persist, enables one to predict with a fair degree of accuracy what a child’s future development is likely to be.

39. Significant Facts about Development 2. Roles of Maturation and Learning in Development. Maturation – is the unfolding of the individuals ’genetic inheritance/ inherent traits.

40. Significant Facts about Development Phylogenetic functions – functions which are common to the human race.

41. Significant Facts about Development Learning in the form of training, is of little advantage, although controlling the environment to reduce opportunities to practice may retard development.

42. Learning – is development that comes from exercise and effort on the individual’s part. Ontogenic functions – those that are specific to the individual.

43. Because human beings are capable of learning, variations are possible. Interrelationships of Maturation and Learning Individuals differences in personality, attitudes, interests, and pattern of behaviour come out not from maturation alone but also from learning.  

44. Significant Facts about Development Maturation sets limits beyond which development cannot progress, even with the most favourable learning methods and the strongest motivation on the part of the learner.

45. Significant Facts about Development Failure may result from either genetic or environmental adversities that reduce the genetic potentials for development.  

46. Significant Facts about Development There is definite “timetable” for learning. The individual cannot learn unless he is ready.   - Developmental readiness/readiness to learn – determines the moment when learning can and should take place.

47. Significant Facts about Development 3 ). Development Follows a Definite and Predictable Pattern There are orderly patterns of physical, motor, speech and intellectual development.

48. Significant Facts about Development Cephalocaudal Law – maintains that development spreads over the body from “head to foot”. Proximodistal Law – maintains that development spreads outward from the central axis of the body to the extremities.

49. Significant Facts about Development Unless environmental conditions prevent it, development will follow a similar pattern for all.

50. Significant Facts about Development There is no evidence that individuals have their own patterns of development, though there is evidence that the rate of development varies from individual to individual.

51. Significant Facts about Development The importance of this is that it makes it possible to predict what people will do at a given age and to plan their education and training to fit into this pattern.

52. Significant Facts about Development If development were not predictable, it would be impossible to plan ahead for any period in the life span.

53. Significant Facts about Development 4.) All Individuals are different. Every person is indeed biologically and genetically different from every other (even in the case of identical twins).

54. Significant Facts about Development As all individuals are different, no two people are expected to react in the same manner to the same environmental stimuli.

55. Significant Facts about Development Because no two individuals ever had identical hereditary endowments or the same environmental experiences, one can never predict with accuracy how people will react to a situation, even when there is ample information about their inherited abilities and even when it is known how the average person behaves in similar situations.

56. Significant Facts about Development Individual differences are significant because they are responsible for individuality in personality make up.

57. Significant Facts about Development 5.) Each phase of development has Characteristic Behaviour Period of Equilibrium – when individuals adapt easily to environmental demands, and as, a result, make good personal and social adjustments.

58. Significant Facts about Development Period of Disequilibrium – when individuals experience difficulties in adaption and, as a result, make poor personal and social adjustments.

59. Significant Facts about Development Some stages of growing up are marked by more difficult behaviour than other. There is no stage when the characteristics behaviour is not “problem behaviour” if it is judged by adult standards.

60. Significant Facts about Development Problem Behaviour – when an individual’s behaviour is atypical for a particular stage and leads to poor adjustments.

61. Significant Facts about Development Such behaviour is infantile – a characteristic of an earlier age level.

62. Significant Facts about Development Many difficult, unsocial and often hard to understand forms of behaviour which appear at different times during the grown-up years will gradually wane and disappear, only to be replaced by other forms of behaviour as difficult to understand and live with as the ones that has just been outgrown.

63. Significant Facts about Development It is never safe to assume that all difficult behaviour will disappear as the child grows older. Such behaviour may be warning of possible future trouble and should not be disregarded.

64. Significant Facts about Development When it persists beyond the age when it is normally found, difficult behaviour suggests that the individuals needs, both personal and social, are not being satisfactorily met. In Every stage there are periods of equilibrium and disequilibrium.

65. Significant Facts about Development 6 ). Each phase of development has hazards. -Hazards maybe: physical, psychological, environmental.

66. Significant Facts about Development Persons who are in charge of the training of children be aware of the hazards commonly associated with every stage. - Make it possible to prevent to alleviate the hazards.

67. Significant Facts about Development 7.) Development is aided by stimulation Aid in development. Stimulation is usually found effective at the time when an ability is normally developing.

68. Significant Facts about Development The sooner parents talk to their children the earlier the children talk. Stimulation of muscles-better motor control. Ward off physical and mental decline “rocking chair philosophy”.

69. Significant Facts about Development 8) Development is affected by cultural changes. - Because an individual’s development is moulded to conform to cultural standards and ideals, changes in these standards affect the development pattern.

70. Significant Facts about Development Changes in cultural standards and ideals affect the developmental pattern.

71. Significant Facts about Development 9) Social expectations for every stage of development . - Every cultural group expect its members to master certain essential skills and acquire certain approved pattern of behaviour at various ages.

72. Significant Facts about Development Developmental tasks – it is a task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of the individual.

73. Some tasks arise mainly as a result of: Physical maturation Cultural pressures of society Personal values and aspirations of the individual.

74. Significant Facts about Development Successful achievement – leads to happiness and success with the later tasks. Failure – leads to unhappiness and difficulty with the later tasks.

75. Significant Facts about Development Purposes in developmental tasks... They are guidelines that enable individuals to know what society expects of them at given ages.

76. Purposes of developmental tasks... They motivate individuals to do what the social expects them to do at certain ages during their lives.

77. Significant Facts about Development Purposes in developmental tasks... They show individuals what lies ahead and what they will be expected to do when they reach their next stage of development.

78. Significant Facts about Development Adjustment to a new situation is always difficult and is always accompanied by varying degrees of emotional tension.

79. Significant Facts about Development Hazard – anything that interferes with the mastery of developmental tasks.

80. Significant Facts about Development 3 Common Potential Hazards Inappropriate expectations (impossible behaviour).

81. Significant Facts about Development 3 Common Potential Hazards Bypassing of a stage of development (as a result of failure to master the tasks for the age).

82. Significant Facts about Development 3 Common Potential Hazards Crises individuals experience when they pass from one stage of development to another.

83. 2 Serious Consequence of Failure to Master Developmental Tasks... Unfavourable social adjustments are inevitable. Foundations for mastery of later developmental tasks are inadequate.

84. Factors Influencing Mastery of Developmental Tasks Handicaps to Mastery 1. A retarded developmental level.

85. Handicaps to Mastery 2. Lack of opportunity to learn one developmental tasks (lack of guidance in their mastery).

86. Handicaps to Mastery 3. Lack of motivation

87. Handicaps to Mastery 4. Poor Health

88. Handicaps to Mastery 5. Physical defects

89. Handicaps to Mastery 6. Low intellectual level

90. Aids to Mastery 1. Normal or accelerated developmental level.

91. Aids to Mastery 2. Opportunities to learn the developmental tasks and guidance in mastering them.

92. Aids to Mastery 3. Motivation

93. Aids to Mastery 4. Good health and absence of physical defects.

94. Aids to Mastery 5. High level of intelligence

95. Aids to Mastery 6. Creativity

96. Consequences of Failure to Master Developmental Tasks Unfavorable social judgments are inevitable.

97. Consequences of Failure to Master Developmental Tasks The foundations for the mastery of later developmental tasks are inadequate.

98. Significant Facts about Development 10. Traditional beliefs about people of all ages. Beliefs affect the judgment of others to their self evaluation. - stereotypes - myths are slow to die - sex differences

99. Conditions Influencing Longevity Heredity

100. Conditions Influencing Longevity Physical Characteristics

101. Conditions Influencing Longevity General physical condition

102. Conditions Influencing Longevity Sex

103. Conditions Influencing Longevity Race

104. Conditions Influencing Longe vity Geographical location

105. Conditions Influencing Longevity Socioeconomic level

106. Conditions Influencing Longevity Intelligence

107. Conditions Influencing Longevity Education

108. Conditions Influencing Longevity Smoking and drinking

109. Conditions Influencing Longevity Marital status

110. Conditions Influencing Longevity Efficiency

111. Conditions Influencing Longevity Anxiety

112. Conditions Influencing Longevity Occupation Favorable Survival Prospects Unfavorable

113. Conditions Influencing Longevity Happiness

114. How long you, personally, may expect to live depends on these principle influence: First, environment – the way in which you were started off in life and the conditions under which you lived thereafter and live now. Second, your inherited vigor or weakness (as applied both to specific diseases and defects and to general resistance factors), with particular attention to your sex. And third, luck.” ( Scheinfield )

115. Significant Facts about Development Stages in the Life Span Prenatal – conception to birth. Infancy – birth to the end of 2 nd week

116. Stages in the Life Span Babyhood – end of the 2 nd week to end of the 2 nd year . Early childhood – 2 to 6 years

117. Stages in the Life Span Late childhood – 6 to 10 or 12 years Puberty – 10 to 12 years – 13 to 14 years

118. Stages in the Life Span Adolescence – 13 to 14 years -18 years Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years

119. Stages in the Life Span Middle age – 40 - 60 years Old age – 60 to death

120. Happiness and Unhappiness During the Life Span Life Satisfaction – happiness Comes from the fulfilment of a need or wish is the cause, means of enjoyment.       

121. Alston and Dudley- is the ability to enjoy one’s experiences, accompanied by a degree of excitement.

122. Happiness – it is state of well-being and satisfaction. Euphoria – state of buoyancy and satisfaction.

123. Essentials of Happiness 1 . Acceptance – accepting and enjoying what is and what one has. Maintaining a balance between expectations and achievements.

124. Essentials of Happiness 2. Affection – is a normal accomplishment of acceptance by others. It is essential to good personal adjustment.

125. Essentials of happiness Effects of emotional deprivation persists. Horn – “someone who experience a shortage of load in childhood is unhappy then and also develops values that perpetuate unhappiness in later life”

126. 3. Achievement – relates to reaching goal one sets for oneself. Happiness and satisfaction are relative

127. Factors on Happiness/Unhappiness At every stage there are sex differences in happiness. At every age there are obstacles to happiness subjective and environmental).

128. Factors on Happiness/Unhappiness Happiness varies at different times in the life span. Happiness at one age does not guarantee happiness at other ages.

129. Subjective Obstacles: Poor Health Mental limitations Unrealistic Aspirations

130. Environmental Obstacles: Discrimination (kids) Race Religion SES

131. Environmental Obstacles: Lack of social acceptance Lack of affection from peers Lack of opportunities to achieve success.

132. Factors Influencing Happiness Degree of Autonomy Interactional Opportunities outside the family.

133. Factors Influencing Happiness Health Physical Attractiveness

134. Significant Facts about Development Factors Influencing Happiness Type of work Work status

135. Significant Facts about Development Factors Influencing Happiness Living conditions

136. Significant Facts about Development Factors Influencing Happiness Material possessions Balance between expectations and achievements. Emotional adjustments.

137. Factors Influencing Happiness Attitude toward an age period Realism of self concepts Realism of role concepts

138. Factors Influencing Happiness “Children who were afraid of being laughed at or being punished or not being attractive and popular ended not only to have unhappy memories and suffer from self-derogation as adults.”