Human health and Health behavior lecture.pptx

Lecturer

1. Module Two Human behavior and health, Legesse T.(BSc., MPH ) School of Public Health 5/4/2023 1

2. Outline Introduction Definition of behavior Component of behavior Determinants of behavior 5/4/2023 2

3. Leaning outcome At the end of this session, you will be able to; Define what behaviors mean? Describe factors affect human behaviors Discuss the role of human behaviors in disease prevention 5/4/2023 3

4. Introduction Health is determined, not by medical services and drugs, but also by ordinary human actions and behaviors . Many health education programs have failed because: They put too much emphasis on individual behavior Neglected to understand the cultural, social, economic and political factors that influence his/her behaviors or actions . 5/4/2023 4

5. cont.… Behavior : is an action that has specific frequency, duration , and purpose, whether conscious or unconscious . It is both the act and the way we act. Action –types of overt behavior, such as drinking, smoking, etc. 5/4/2023 5

6. Cont.… To say a person has drinking/smoking behavior Duration –it is the time spent since the action started or noticed such as for a week/months. Frequency - how it is repeated in a certain period of time. Purpose –is he/she doing consciously or not 5/4/2023 6

7. Dimensions of behavior Time and promptness of the behavior –when? Use condom when sexual intercourse with multiple partners 2. Frequency of behavior-how often? use condom every time having…. 3. Quality of behavior-correct ? Check condom to make certain no leakage, use condom correctly 4. Range of behavior-how many? having monogamous relationship, use condom, avoid multiple partners, abstinence 5/4/2023 7

8. Cont.…. What is Human Behavior Human behavior is the sum total / result of physical & mental factors influenced by social/cultural factors. The study of human behavior is how people behave and why they behave in just the way they do. 5/4/2023 8

9. Behavior components Cognitive domain : stored information Encodes, stores, retrieves, processes information; purpose is manipulation of information E.g. Knowledge, Perception, Thinking B) Affective domain: cognition +feeling (connation) E.g.. Attitude, Beliefs ,Value purpose is to create arousal C ) Psychomotor domain Psycho – mind Motor – action 5/4/2023 9

10. Factors affecting human behavior Human behavior is influenced by a huge range of factors . Three categories of factors affecting individual or collective behavior Predisposing Enabling Reinforcing each has a different type of influence on behavior 5/4/2023 10

11. Factors determine human behaviors Knowledge, attitude, perception, beliefs, values, self efficacy etc. Availability, affordability, accessibility, resources to accomplish the behaviors Peer pressure, influential people, perceived social pressures/significant others/discouragement/encouragement 5/4/2023 11

12. A. Predisposing factors Are antecedents or prior to behavior that provide the rationale or creation of motivation for the behavior to occur. This type of factors include: Knowledge -Self-efficacy Perception - Outcome efficacy Belief -Behavioral intention Value -Attitude And existing personal skills that facilitate or hinder motivation for change. 5/4/2023 12

13. Knowledge Knowledge can be defined as the perception and cognition of oneself, the immediate surrounding or environment and the universe as a whole. Cognitive Ability is defined as the capacity to perceive, reason, or use instinct by an individual. Cognition is an individual activity Knowledge is a relationship between an individual and reality. Predisposing… 5/4/2023 13

14. Predisposing factors … one`s knowledge of something include some combination of ; Simple awareness of facts and understanding of how these facts relate to one another 5/4/2023 14

15. Predisposing… There fore, Perception and Intuition /instinct lead us into mental thinking in which later will be stored in our memory in the form of meaning , symbols , pictures , etc. This stored memory is known as knowledge . The means of acquiring knowledge by the brain is perception. 5/4/2023 15

16. Predisposing… Simple logic for the specific knowledge is that before act voluntarily people need to know , Why they should act? What actions are needed? When or under what circumstances? How to act and where? Therefore, one of the main task in health education is helping the learner to become knowledgeable about some health topic. 5/4/2023 16

17. Predisposing… Knowledge is necessary but not sufficient in behavior change . It is necessary, because, without adequate knowledge , people may unaware of and concerned about health problem and unable to manage their behavior. 5/4/2023 17

18. Predisposing… Perception : Is giving meaning and interpretation of data and information received by the five sense organs of the body available to the brain. Perception + Storage of information in the brain = Knowledge 5/4/2023 18

19. Predisposing… Perception In perception the stimuli are originated from outside the body and are received by sensory organs, and then the stimulus reaches the brain and gets interpreted in meaningful ideas. At this stage thinking starts . 5/4/2023 19

20. Predisposing… a means of acquiring knowledge. is highly subjective Thinking can be the product of perception or can be by itself internal mental process or exercises 5/4/2023 20

21. Attitude Social psychologists define an attitude as an enduring evaluation, positive or negative, of people, objects, or ideas. We are not neutral observers of the world; we evaluate what we encounter . 5/4/2023 21

22. Attitude Attitudes are often a matter of good or bad; as soon as you know what something is, you start to know whether you like it or dislike it. attitude as a tendency of mind or of a relatively constant feeling towards a certain category of objects, people, or situation . 5/4/2023 22

23. Characteristics of attitude 1. Predisposition- exposure related to an attitudinal object. No exposure, no attitude 2. Has directions - polar, + ve or - ve , good or bad. Negative ……………… positive 3. Evaluation - can be evaluated by intensity or judgment e.g. Favorable or unfavorable 5/4/2023 23

24. Characteristics of attitude 4 . Changeability - can be changed, not static. 5. Stability or consistency Stability=related to time Consistency= sameness of attitude e.g. “Mood” changed quite often 5/4/2023 24

25. Link between knowledge(K) and Attitude (A) 5/4/2023 25

26. Cont.… With the knowledge or information that we have on things, the mind is able to develop a sense of like or dislike, positiveness or negativeness /feeling . It is thus, the feeling component is added to the knowledge which keeps the individual react to a stimulus positively or negatively 5/4/2023 26

27. Belief It also refers to a conviction that a phenomenon or object is true or real. Faith, trust, and truth are words used to express or imply belief.. It is different from knowledge in that it is perceived whereas knowledge is accepted objective truth 5/4/2023 27

28. Belief They are derived from parents, grandparents, and other people we respect to listen and are accepted as true. But we accept beliefs without trying to prove that they are true or false 5/4/2023 28

29. Difficulty index of changing beliefs. Usually easier to influence Are held by individuals Have been acquired recently Come from not highly respected sources Are not part of religion Not part of traditional medical system 5/4/2023 29

30. Usually difficult to change Are held by the whole community Have been deep rooted in the culture Come from highly respected and trusted sources Are part of the a religion Are part of traditional medical system 5/4/2023 30

31. Types of beliefs As beliefs can be held very strongly, they are often difficult to change. And one big wrong is that the health workers them selves believe that any traditional belief is bad and must be changed. To overcome this, health workers must categorize beliefs in advance as harmful, neutral and useful. Then, they can concentrate on trying to change only the harmful and encourage the helpful ones. 5/4/2023 31

32. Relationship between beliefs and attitudes 5/4/2023 32

33. our beliefs about things affect the way we think about them(attitude towards it). Our beliefs, in turn, are influenced by our attitudes. The judgment as good or bad and worth carrying out a behavior will depend on the beliefs about the consequences of performing the behavior . 5/4/2023 33

34. Generally, Beliefs perceived to have good outcomes + ve attitude Beliefs perceived to have bad outcomes _ ve attitude Attitude beliefs Therefore, rather than just asking respondents how they feel (attitude) about a particular attitudinal object, attitudes can be measured by asking what they believe about the object. 5/4/2023 34

35. Link among knowledge(K) and Attitude (A) and Practice (P)/Behavior (B) Other possibilities 5/4/2023 35

36. Link among knowledge(K) and Attitude (A) and Practice (P) The general trend or normal way of thinking and acting the proper sequence and linkage among KAP is that knowledge (K) is followed by attitude (A) and is followed by practice (P). But this rule is not universally applicable to every behavior i.e. different possibilities and combinations can come across with regard to KAP. When P or A precedes K, it is due either to an imitation (modeling) or compulsion 5/4/2023 36

37. Value Every individual places or gives a relative worth to every thing around. This worth or preference or judgment is known as value. Value something is held to be important or worth; and prized by an individuals or community . 5/4/2023 37

38. Examples: Being a good mother Having many children Being approved by friends Being attractive to opposite sex Academically success Being a man of God Being healthy 5/4/2023 38

39. Value… These values that have advantages for the self and for the society are known as positive values. And these values that are harmful and disadvantageous are known as negative values . 5/4/2023 39

40. Relationship between attitude and value Values are more permanent and resistant to change than attitudes and beliefs and they determine attitude. 5/4/2023 40

41. Difficult index; Relationship between attitude and value < < < Values are more permanent and resistant to change than attitudes and beliefs and they determine attitude. In terms of difficulty of changing: 5/4/2023 41

42. B. Enabling factors Enabling factors are those antecedents to behavior that facilitate a motivation to be realized. They help individuals to choose , decide and adopt behaviors and may be barriers and assets to needed changes. This category of factors include: The health care environment: Availability Accessibility Affordability 5/4/2023 42

43. New skills Resources. E.g. Facilities, money, time, labor services, skills, transportation, materials and the distribution and their location. Other environmental factors such as community and /or governmental laws, policy, rules, regulations, priority and commitment can be a barrier or a facilitator of the behavior change to be occurred 5/4/2023 43

44. Cont.. In behavior change communication be sure that enabling resources are readily available in the community of interest 5/4/2023 44

45. C. Reinforcing factors Reinforcing factors are those factors subsequent to a behavior that provide the continuing reward or incentives for the behavior to be persistent and repeated . Are those consequences of actions that determine whether the actor receives positive or negative feedback and is supported socially or by significant others after it occur . 5/4/2023 45

46. Significant others Can also be called relevant others or influential others. These are people who are significant (determine or influence) the behavior of others to encourage or discourage to do something. Among these important people are elders, friends, peers, parents, grandparents, village leaders, religious leaders and people with a lot of experience and skills (teachers, health workers, etc.). Eg . The woman does not adopt FP because her husband disapproves 5/4/2023 46

47. Healthy behaviors Health Behaviors: are actions that healthy people undertake to keep themselves or others healthy and prevent disease. A number of studies have looked at the relationship between health behaviours and a variety of health outcomes . 5/4/2023 47

48. Types of behaviours important for health promotion Promotive behaviors Preventive behaviors Utilization behaviors Illness behaviors Compliance behaviors Rehabilitation behaviors Community action 5/4/2023 48

49. Cont…….. 1) Promotive Behaviors: Physical exercise, Use of latrine , Child spacing , Proper disposal of dirty water , Good nutrition , Clean storage of food, Breast feeding reduction/cessation of unhealthy practices such as cigarette smoking , and excessive alcohol consumption 5/4/2023 49

50. 2) Preventive Behaviors Taking anti—malaria drugs Immunization Using mosquito bed nets 3) Utilization behaviors Is concerned with utilization of health services such as: ANC services Immunization services Child health services Screening programs FP service 5/4/2023 50

51. 4) Illness behaviors The action people take before consulting health care workers, including recognition of symptoms, taking home remedies (self—medication), consulting family and healers are called illness behaviors. It is recognition of early symptoms and prompt self—referral for treatment before the disease becomes serious It is what people do when they feel ill. 5/4/2023 51