Human rights

human rights lecture for nurses

1. Unit X: Human Rights By Munwar –us- Salam Lecturer, BBS-ION, PUMHSW, Nawabshah, SBA.

2. Objectives At the end of the unit learners will be able to: Define human rights Recognize basic human rights Appreciate the importance of human rights Conceptualize a rights based approach to health Identify nurses role in client centered health care approach

3. DEFINITION HUMAN RIGHTS are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings. HUMAN RIGHTS are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person and are defined internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies.

4. DEFINITION HUMAN RIGHTS is defined as the supreme, inherent, and inalienable rights to life, to dignity, and to self-development. It is concerned with issues in both areas of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights founded on internationally accepted human rights obligations

5. RIGHTS – moral power -to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest and leisure), -to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for public office, education), -to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile) - to exact something (equal protection of the law, equal access to public service, equal pay for equal work ) HUMAN RIGHTS

6. Rights are things that protect us from harm . Think of a baby that hasn’t asked to come into the world. . What are the basic rights you think any child should expect?

7. To be allowed to live (the right to life) To be protected from harm To be protected from disease To have food and drink Basic minimum things such as these that we should all expect to have, wherever we live, have become known as Human Rights.

8. The United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights 1948 1. Equality in rights. All people should have the same rights. 2. The right to life. All people should be allowed to live. 3. Freedom from Slavery. No person should be forced to work without fair pay and conditions. Almost every country in the world has now signed the above agreement saying they agree with five basic human rights. 4. The right to a fair trial. People should be able to defend themselves if they are accused of something wrong. 5. Freedom of expression. People should be able to say what they want as long as it does not go against the law or another human right.

9. Characteristics of Human Rights Universal Internationally guaranteed Legally protected Protects individuals and groups Cannot be taken away Equal and indivisible Obliges States and State actors

10. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) By 1948, the United Nations’ new Human Rights Commission had captured the world’s attention. Under the dynamic chairmanship of Eleanor Roosevelt—President Franklin Roosevelt’s widow, a human rights champion in her own right and the United States delegate to the UN—the Commission set out to draft the document that became the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

11. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Roosevelt, credited with its inspiration, referred to the Declaration as the international Magna Carta for all mankind. It was adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1948.

12. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) The Member States of the United Nations pledged to work together to promote the thirty Articles of human rights that, for the first time in history, had been assembled and codified into a single document. In consequence, many of these rights, in various forms, are today part of the constitutional laws of democratic nations.

13. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 1. Right to Equality All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

14. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 2. Freedom from Discrimination Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour , sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

15. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 3. Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4. Freedom from Slavery No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

16. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 5. Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6. Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

17. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 7. Right to Equality before the Law All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

18. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 8. Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9. Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

19. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 10. Right to Fair Public Hearing Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

20. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 11. Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence .

21. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 11. Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

22. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 12. Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

23. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 13. Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

24. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 14. Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from nonpolitical crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

25. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 15. Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

26. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 16. Right to Marriage and Family Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

27. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 16. Right to Marriage and Family Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

28. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 17. Right to Own Property Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

29. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 18. Freedom of Belief and Religion Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

30. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 19. Freedom of Opinion and Information Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

31. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 20. Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

32. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 21. Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.

33. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 21. Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

34. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 22. Right to Social Security Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

35. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

36. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

37. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24. Right to Rest and Leisure Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

38. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 25. Right to Adequate Living Standard Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

39. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 25. Right to Adequate Living Standard Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

40. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 26. Right to Education Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

41. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 26. Right to Education Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

42. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 26. Right to Education Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

43. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 27. Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

44. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 27. Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

45. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 28. Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

46. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 29. Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

47. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 29. Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

48. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 29. Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

49. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 30. Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the above Rights Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

50. Five categories of Human Rights Economic Rights Cultural Rights Social Rights Civil Rights Political Rights

51. Five categories of Human Rights Civil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else in society Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and to obtain information Economic – the right to participate in an economy that benefits all; and to desirable work Social – the right to education, health care, food, clothing, shelter and social security Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to speak the language, and to practice the culture of one’s choice

52. SOME CIVIL RIGHTS Life Belief in own religion Opinion Free speech Non-discrimination according to sex Marry Race Cultural background

53. SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS Vote in elections Freely form or join political parties Live in an independent country Stand for public office Freely disagree with views and policies of political leaders

54. SOME ECONOMIC RIGHTS Jobs Work without exploitation Fair wage Safe working conditions Form trade unions Have adequate food Protection against labor malpractices

55. SOME SOCIAL RIGHTS Housing Education Health services Recreation facilities Clean environment Social security

56. SOME CULTURAL RIGHTS Use own language Develop cultural activities Ancestral domains Develop own kind of schooling

57. Importance of Human Rights Human rights are important because, The States affirmed the universal respect for inalienable rights and fundamental freedoms of each and every person, including the principles of the prohibition against arbitrary detention, the right to due process and other civil and political rights as well as social, cultural and economic rights.

58. Importance of Human Rights These fundamental human rights should be “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations”, They are the basic rights that all human beings should enjoy, respect and protect.

59. Importance of Human Rights International human rights law lays down obligations which States are bound to respect. By becoming parties to international treaties, States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights.

60. Importance of Human Rights The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.

61. Importance of Human Rights Through ratification of international human rights treaties, Governments undertake to put into place domestic measures and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties. Universal human rights should be applied to all persons without distinction of any kind: we are all human beings, so we are all entitled to enjoy these rights.

62. Importance of Human Rights “Human rights are what reason requires and conscience demands. They are us and we are them. Human rights are rights that any person has as a human being. We are all human beings; we are all deserving of human rights. One cannot be true without the other.” - Kofi Annan, Secretary-general of the United Nations

63. Rights based approach to health “ The right to health does not mean the right to be healthy, nor does it mean poor governments must put in place expensive health services for they have no resources. But it does require authorities put in place policies and action plans which lead to available and accessible health care for all in the shortest possible time . To ensure that this happens is the challenge facing both the human rights community and public health professionals. ” UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson

64. Human Rights Human rights concern the relation the between state and the individual ; They lead to state obligations and individual entitlements All human rights are interdependent and interrelated. Health is a fundamental human right, indispensable for the exercise of other human rights Freedom from discrimination underpins all human rights Promotion of human rights is a principle purpose of the UN

65. First expression of the right to health: The WHO Constitution (1946) “The States parties to this Constitution declare, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, that the following principles are basic to the happiness, harmonious relations and security of all peoples. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition (...)”

66. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Art.25.1 “ Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services ”

67. Rights based approach to health Follow the principles of: * Availability * Accessibility * Acceptability * Quality of health services

68. Rights-based approach: Justice as a right, not as charity A rights-based approach to development describes situations not simply in terms of human needs, or of developmental requirements, but in terms of society's obligations to respond to the inalienable rights of individuals; empowers people to demand justice as a right, not as charity; and gives communities a moral basis from which to claim international assistance when needed. Kofi Anan, United Nations Secretary-General

69. Client – Centered Care An approach to care planning and support which empowers individuals to make the decisions about what they want to happen in their lives. These decisions then form the basis for any plans that are developed and implemented.

70. Client Centred Values Individuality Independence Rights Respect Choice Dignity Privacy Partnership How do these values influence aspects of social work and why?

71. Nurses role in client centered health care approach The individual – someone requiring care or support. Families, friends, advocates. Those of importance to the individual. Others around the individual – Team members and colleagues, other professionals.

72. Assess Needs Difficulties Strengths Plan Day to day care Goals for the future Implement Practicalities Communication Management style/ organisation Induction/ training Evaluate Formal Ongoing Nurses role in client centered health care approach

73. Maintaining Person Centred Approached in complex or sensitive situations . 2.2 For example – Distressing or traumatic , eg Hospital Appointment, Individual out of regular environment. Doing something the individual perceived to be threatening or frightening . Likely to have serious implications or consequences, eg discussions about the future. Of a personal nature – During personal care. Involving complex communication or cognitive needs. ( Making an activity meaningful with for someone with dementia.)