Hybrid seed production of tomato

Hybridization techniques

1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF TOMATO Presented by, KRISHNENDU KUNDU MSc. (Agriculture)

2. CONTENT BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT FLORAL MORPHOLOGY HYBRID VARIETIES CULTURAL PRACTICES PROCESS OF EMASCULATION & POLLINATION METHODS OF SEED EXTRACTION DRYING, GRADING & STORAGE CERTIFICATIONS OF SEED SEED STANDARDS NUTRITIONAL VALUE

3. Area of hybrid tomato c ultivation: T omato plants are native to South America. The country is the second-largest producer, after China. It produces around 11% of the total production of tomatoes in the world. The Indian states like Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orrisa, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Bihar are the major producers of tomatoes. Out of all states, Andhra Pradesh is the largest tomato producing state in India. INTRODUCTION

4. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION : SCIENTIFIC NAME- L ycopersicum esculentus ORDER - Solanales Family- Solanaceae Tomato is typical day neutral plant. Requires temperature of 15-20° for fruit setting. Self-pollination is favoured by the position of receptive stigma within the cone of anthers.

5. HYBRID VARIETIES COTH 1 Pant Hybrid- 10 Arka Vishal Pusa Sadabahar PAN 3681 PUSA Hybrid -1-4 Pant Hybrid- 2 PAN 3605 Arka Shreshta Sonali Arka Shreshta Pusa Sadabahar Arka Vishal

6. LAND REQUIREMENT: The land selected should be free of volunteer plants. The soil of selected fields should have good texture, fertile and well-drained. Ideal pH of soil 6-7. ISOLATION REQUIREMENT: The minimum isolation distance between different cultivars of tomato for seed production is s hort because of the crop’s high level of self pollination. However, minimum recommended isolation 30-200m is maintained.

7. BRIEF CULTURAL PRACTICES TIME OF SOWING: June-August November-December PREPARATION OF LAND: Prepare the field for transplanting to a fine tilth by ploughing & three to four harrowing followed by leveling. SOURCE OF SEED : Obtain nucleus/breeder’s/foundation seed from source approved by a seed certification agency. SEED RATE : For F1 hybrid Male parent 25 g/ha Female parent 100g/ha Male: Female = 1:4 (Transplanting ratio)

8. SOWING OF SEEDS IN NURSERY : Sown on raised nursery bed, 15-20 cm high in rows 3-4 cm apart. Thin sowing should be done to avoid “damping off” disease. TRANSPLANTING : Transplanting should be done with the seedlings are 20-25 days old, preferably at evening time. Spacing 60*45 cm Male parent hybrid 60*45 cm Female parent hybrid 90*60 cm FERTILISATION: 25 tonnes /ha well rotted FYM at the time of land preparation. 550 kg SSP, 150 kg CAN /ha in two basal doses. 1 st at 15-20 DAT, 2 nd at flowering time for final preparation of field. IRRIGATION: Fortnightly during winter. Weekly during summer.

9. Plant spacing Nursery Land preparation At pre-mature stage

10. INTERCULTURE: Two to three hoeings and weedings are necessary to keep the field free from weeds. ROGUING: Plants with off-types foliage should be entirely removed before blossom . Hybrid tomato cultivated in Africa

11. EMASCULATION & POLLINATION EMASCULATION STEPS Split open the anther cone with the help of forshape Remove all the stamens To help identify the hybrid fruits f rom selfed fruits , cut two of the sepals

12. EMASCULATION & DUSTING Emasculation is done before the anthers are mature & the stigma has become receptive to minimize accidental self pollination. Thus emasculation is generally done in the evening, between 4 PM to 6 PM one day before the anthers are expected to dehisce and the stigma is likely to become fully receptive. Emasculate the bud by hand with the help of needle and forceps. Remove the calyx, corolla and staminal column leaving the gynoecium. Emasculated flowers should be covered immediately with red c olour paper to protect against contamination from foreign pollen for easy identification of emasculated bud .

13. After dusting, the emasculated flowers are again covered with white colour paper for two to three days. Pollen collected from one male flower can be used for dusting 5-7 emasculated flower.

14. POLLINATION: When corolla of emasculated flower becomes deep yellow dip the stigma in pollen tub.

15. HARVESTING: Seed fruits are allowed to ripen to maturity on the plant. Only completely coloured and matured seed fruits are harvested. The mark of the two sepals cut off should be checked carefully to ensure that only pollinated fruits are harvested. STAGES OF MATURATION ( Colour ) MATURE GREEN BREAKER TURNING PINK RED

16. METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF SEED Fruits from in between 6-7 harvest should be used for seed extraction. Before seed extraction , fruits are to be graded for true to type. It is importan t to choose proper method of seed extraction as it impacts on seed viability. There are three methods of seed extraction Acid method of seed extraction. Fermentation method. Alkali method.

17. ACID SEED EXTRACTION METHOD FERMENTATION METHOD

18. COMPARISON OF METHODS METHODS FERMENTATION ACID ALKALI Mix fruit pulp with water for 24-48 hrs. HCL @10 ml/kg of pulp- 20-30 mins Washing soda @ 900 mg/4 L of water – equal volume , overnight soak. Salient features Low cost Unskilled labour Time consuming Low seed recovery (0.5%-0.6%). Dull seed colour . Seed borne pathogen. Cost is more Skilled labour Lesser time High seed recovery (0.8%-1%). Bright colour high market value. Seed borne pathogen removed. Recovery 0.7%-0.8%. Luster of the seed will be loosed. Improper washing leads to injury of the seed.

19. DRYING GRADING & STORAGE Shade drying, never be dried in hot sun directly. Bring moisture 8-9%. Store the dried seed with after treating with either captan o r thiram @ 2g/kg.

20. CERTIFICATIONS OF SEED NO OF INSPECTIONS A minimum of 3 inspections shall be as follows…… F IRST INSPECTION : Before flowering in order to verify isolation, volunteer plant & other relevant factors. SECOND INSPECTION : During flowering to check off-types. THIRD INSPECTION : At maturity & prior to harvest to verify true nature of plant.

21. Nutritional facts: The water content of tomatoes is around 95%. The other 5% consists mainly of  carbohydrates  and  fiber . Here are the nutrients in a small (100-gram) raw tomato. Calories:  18 Water:  95% Protein:  0.9 grams Carbs:  3.9 grams Sugar:  2.6 grams Fiber:  1.2 grams Fat:  0.2  Vitamins: Tomatoes are a good source of several vitamins and minerals: Vitamin C.  This vitamin is an essential nutrient and antioxidant. One medium-sized tomato can provide about 28% of the Reference Daily Intake (RDI). Vitamin K1.  Also known as phylloquinone, vitamin K is important for blood clotting. Folate (vitamin B9).  One of the B vitamins, folate is important for normal tissue growth and cell function. It’s particularly important for pregnant women.