Hydro power plant

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1. Seminar on Hydro power plant Seminar guided by Dr. BISWAJIT ACHARYA Associate Professor Submitted by PRADEEP KUMAR YADAV CRN. 12/561

2. cONTENTS Introduction Site selection Components Classification of hydro power plant Comparison of Hydro and Thermal and Nuclear power plant A brief on major dams Conclusions

3. INTRODUCTION In hydroelectric power station kinetic energy of stored water is converted into electric energy . 30% of the total power in world is provided by hydro power plant. The world’s hydro power potential is about 2724 MkW Total hydro power potential of India is 84 MkW and 22% of this potential is being tapped by various existing and ongoing power schemes. In India 25.32% of total electricity generation capacity is produced by hydro power plant.

4. Site selection for a hydro power plant Availability of water Water storage Water head Accessibility of site Distance from the load centre Geological characteristics of site

5. COMPONENTS Dam and Reservoir Spillway Fore bay Surge tank Penstock Turbine Power house Draft tube

6. Dam and REservoir An open-air storage area usually formed by masonry or earthwork where water is collected and kept in quantity so that it may be drawn off for use. The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure. The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy the water  The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to move downwards effortlessly.

7. spillway Spillway is constructed to act as a safety valve. It discharge the overflow water to the down stream side when the reservoir is full. These are generally constructed of concrete and provided with water discharge opening.

8. Surge tank Surge tank acts as a temporary reservoir. It helps in stabilizing the velocity and pressure in penstock and thereby saves penstock from getting damaged. It serve as supply tank to the turbine in case of increased load conditions, and storage tank in case of low load conditions.

9. penstock The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

10. Power house A power house usually contains following components: Hydraulic turbines Electric generators Governors Water circulation pumps Air ducts Switch board and instruments Storage batteries Cranes

11. TURBINE Impulse turbine converts the energy of fluid in the form of pressure and reaction turbine converts the energy by reaction on rotor blades, when the fluid undergoes a change in momentum.

12. Selection of turbine

13. Draft tube Draft Tube is an empty structure made beneath the Turbine. To reduce the velocity head losses of the water To allow the turbine to be set above the tailrace to facilitate inspection and maintenance

14. CLASSIFICATION According to quantity of water According to availability of water head According to load characteristics According to plant capacity According to type of fall

15. According to quantity of water 1.Run of river plant Water is diverted from the river, routed through the water. conductor system and finally water after generation of power is thrown back to the river at a lower level on down stream. Power generation fluctuates with the river flow and the firm power is considerably low. 2.Storage plant It increases firm power and total power generation by regulating the flow. Providing storage is complicated and costly as it involves construction of dam.

16. According to quantity of water(cont.) 3. Pumped storage plant Pump storage projects involve reversible turbines, which can generate power from water of upper reservoir during peak hours and pump back water from lower reservoir to the upper reservoir during off peak hours. 4. Tidal plant A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides. Tidal power is extracted from the Earth's oceanic tides.

17. According to availability of water head Low head plant Head – upto 30m. A sideway stream diverges from the river at the dam. Vertical shaft Francis or Kaplan turbine are used commonly. Medium head plant Head -30-70 m Uses Francis Turbine. Water is carried in open canals from main reservoir to forebay then to powerhouse through penstock. High head plants Head- 71-500 m Water is stored in the lake over the mountain during high rainy season or when snow melts. Pelton Wheel turbine is used.

18. According to plant capacity 1. Micro hydel plants A micro hydel plant has the capacity less than 5 MW. 2. Medium capacity plants A medium capacity plant has the capacity between 5MW and 100 MW. 3. High capacity plants A plant having a capacity between 101 MW and 1000 MW is usually classified as a high capacity plant. 4. Super hydro plants A super hydro plant has a capacity greater than 1000 MW.

19. According to load characteristics 1. Base load plants They cater to the base load of the system, they need to supply constant power when connected to the grid. 2. Peak load plants Some of the plants supply average load but also some peak load. Other peak load plants are required to work only during peak load hours.

20. Comparison of hydro and thermal and NULCEAR POWER PLANT

21. JAWAHAR SAGAR The concrete gravity dam. Power generation is 99 MW(With three units of 33MW capacity each) Francis-type turbine is used. height - 45m and Length - 393m

22. RANA PRATAP SAGAR It is a gravity masonry dam. Construction began1953, Opening date1970 Construction cost Rs. 4065 million Height- 53.8 meters (177 ft) Length1,143 meters (3,750 ft) power generation is 172 MW (with four units of 43 MW capacity each) Total capacity2,898 million cubic meters

23. MAHI BAJAJ Power generation 140MW (2*25+2*45) Construction began 1972 Opening date 1983 Type of dam-Masonry with embankment main sections Impounds Mahi River Height-43 m (141 ft) Length-3,062 m (10,046 ft) Francis-type turbine is used

24. conclusion In order to achieve a growth rate of 7-8 % as envisaged in National policy of India, it is also required to tap all the small Hydro Power potential of the country. The utilization of small Hydro Power Potential is especially required in all states where the utilized potential is very low like in MP and therefore optimum utilization of the same may set up an stepping up stone for achieving self sufficiency in power sector in country.

25. Thank You!