hydrocarbons chemistry for grade 10 students

reviewer for chem

1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS These are chemical compounds that primarily contain CARBON atoms bonded to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

2. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon-based Covalent bonds Complex structures

3. THE ELEMENT CARBON Valence electrons: Carbon has four valence electrons, which allows it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms Bonding: Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with itself and other elements. It can also make long chains of compounds. Allotropes: Carbon can exist in different physical forms, called allotropes, such as graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon

4. HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS are organic molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen .

5. Properties of hydrocarbons Only contain two kinds of bonds: Carbon-Carbon bonds Carbon-Hydrogen bonds Nonpolar Poor conductor of electricity Insoluble Low boiling and melting points

6. Properties of hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons typically are found deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Ex. Gasoline, natural gas, and other fuels. Why hydrocarbons are so rare and difficult to obtain?

7. Properties of hydrocarbons Most of Earth’s hydrocarbons exist in deposits of natural gas (methane) and petroleum. Came from the remains of ancient plants and animals, which we called fossil fuels.

8. Hydrocarbons structures and formulas Molecular formula – tells us which atoms and how many of each type of atom are present in a molecule. CH 4 C 4 H 8 Structural formula - a diagram that shows how the atoms in a molecule are connected to each other. It also shows the type of chemical bonds between the atoms.

9. Hydrocarbons structures and formulas Structural formula

10. Hydrocarbons structures and formulas Condensed structural formula does not include all the dashes that represent bonds.

11. Types of hydrocarbons Alkane – Alkanes have only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkene -contain at least one double bond between a pair of carbon atoms. Alkyne -have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

12. Naming hydrocarbons - ane - ene - yne International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

13. Naming hydrocarbons Try these! Pentyne Butane

14. Naming hydrocarbons Try these! Pentane Hexene

15. Naming hydrocarbons Try these! Ethyne Ethene

16. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkanes

17. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkanes Identify its longest continuous chain of carbon atoms, called the parent chain . Number carbon atoms in the parent chain from end to end, giving the substituent the lowest possible number . Identify the no. of carbon atoms in the substituent, find the prefix for it, and add – yl (alkyl group) Put together all the parts – no. of branch chain , name of the branch , and the name of the parent chain .

18. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkanes 2-methylhexane

19. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkanes 2,3-dimethylpentane

20. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkanes 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

21. Naming hydrocarbons Try these! 3-ethylpentane 3-ethyl-2-methylheptane

22. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkenes and Alkynes Find the parent chain. Count the carbon atoms giving the double and triple bond lowest number possible. Substituents are listed in alphabetical order and their positions identified by number.

23. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkenes and Alkynes 7-methyl-3-octyne

24. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Alkenes and Alkynes 2-methyl-2-hexene

25. Naming hydrocarbons Cycloalkanes Find the root word for the number of carbon atoms in its ring, then the suffix – ane and the prefix cyclo-

26. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Cyclic Hydrocarbons Find the root word for the number of carbon atoms in its ring. Number the ring, giving the lowest number possible to the double or triple bond , followed by the substituents. Name the alkyl groups, arrange them alphabetically.

27. Naming hydrocarbons Branched Cyclic Hydrocarbons methylcyclopentane ethylcyclohexane

28. Naming hydrocarbons Try these! 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene