Hydrocarbons oneshot class 11 organic notes.pdf

Very nice notes just go through it

1. Hydrocarbons
The compounds of only carbon
and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbons.

2. Hydrocarbons
Acyclic
UnsaturatedSaturated
AromaticAliphatic
Cyclic
Alkane
AlkyneAlkene

3. From Hydrocarbons
Preparation
of Alkanes
From Alkyl Halides
From Carboxylic Acids

4. Catalytic Hydrogenation
Example
+H
2
Ni/Pt/Pd
+2H
2
Ni/Pt/Pd

5. From Alkyl Halides
Preparation
of Alkanes
From Hydrocarbons
From Carboxylic Acids

6. WurtzReaction
General reaction
2Na +2NaX++
Dry ether
2
Example
+2Na
+2NaCl
Dry ether

7. WurtzReaction
Example
+2Na+
+
Dry ether2NaCl
_
(Traces of other hydrocarbons)
+

8. From Carboxylic Acids
Preparation
of Alkanes
From Hydrocarbons
From Alkyl Halides

9. Soda Lime Process
General reaction
Alkane
Soda
lime
CaO
NaOH
+H
2O
NaOH+ Na
2CO
3
+

10. Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method
General reaction
Electrolysis
+2H
2O2
2NaOH+ 2CO
2+ H
2+

11. Substitution Reaction
Combustion
Controlled Oxidation
Chemical
Properties of
Alkanes
Aromatization

12. Substitution Reaction
CH
4
+ +
h??????
One or more H atoms/substituents
of alkanes are replaced
byX(halogens), NO
2, SO
3H, etc,.
CH
3ClCl
2
HCl
Example

13. Combustion
C
nH
2n+2
General reaction
3n + 1
2
O
2
nCO
2 (n+1)H
2O+ + Heat+

14. Controlled Oxidation
The process of heating the substance
with a regulated supply of O
2/airat
high pressure, in the presenceof a
catalyst to producevarious oxidation
products.

15. Controlled Oxidation
Reactions
2CH
4
Cu/523 K
100 atm
MethanolMethane
2CH
3OH+O
2
H
2O
Mo
2O
3
Δ
MethanalMethane
CH
4
+O
2 HCHO+
2CH
3COOH
(CH
3COO)
2Mn
Δ
Ethane Ethanoic Acid
2C
2H
6
+3O
2
2H
2O+

16. n-Alkanes (C ≥ 6) on
heating to 773 K at 10-20
atm in presence of oxides
of vanadium, molybdenum
or chromium supported
over alumina get
aromatisedto benzene and
its homologues.
Aromatization

17. Aromatization
Example
CH
3(CH
2)
4CH
3
n-Hexane
Benzene
Cr
2O
3orV
2O
3orMo
2O
3
Al
2O
3, 773 K, 10-20 atm

18. Preparation
of Alkenes
From Alkynes
From Alcohols

19. Hydrogenation of Alkynes
General reaction
H
2
Pd/C/CaCO
3
Na/liq. NH
3
Birch reduction
Lindlar’s catalyst

20. From Alkynes
From Alcohols
Preparation
of Alkenes

21. +
+....
─ H
2O
H
+
Dehydration of Alcohols
Example

22. SaytzeffRule
Themost substituted alkene
would be most preferred one
Remember!!!

23. b
+
b
b
Minor Major
Dehydration of Alcohols

25. Addition Reaction
Chemical
Properties of
Alkenes
Oxidation
Ozonolysis
Polymerization

26. Addition of HBrto asymmetricalalkene
Ethene Bromoethane
+
Addition of Hydrogen Halide (HX)

27. Addition of HBrto anunsymmetricalalkene
Addition of Hydrogen Halide (HX)
2-bromopropane
1-bromopropane
+
Minor
Major

28. Markovnikov’s Rule
Negative partof the addendum
(adding molecule) gets attached to
that doubly bonded Cwhich posses
lessernumber of hydrogen atoms.
Remember!!!

29. Oxidation
Chemical
Properties of
Alkenes
Addition Reaction
Ozonolysis
Polymerization

30. Oxidation of
Alkenes
Acidic KMnO
4/
Acidic K
2Cr
2O
7
Alkaline cold
dil. KMnO
4
Oxidation of Alkenes

31. Oxidation of
Alkenes
Alkaline cold
dil. KMnO
4
Acidic KMnO
4/
Acidic K
2Cr
2O
7
Oxidation of Alkenes

32. H
2O+
Oxidation Using Baeyer’s Reagent
Example
dil. KMnO
4
273 K
[O]+

33. Point to Remember!
Syn Addition
Addition ofhydroxy groupto an
alkeneby dil. KMnO
4

34. Oxidation of
Alkenes
Acidic KMnO
4/
Acidic K
2Cr
2O
7
Alkaline cold
dil. KMnO
4
Oxidation of Alkenes

35. H
2OCO
2+
KMnO
4/H
+
or
K
2Cr
2O
7
Example
Oxidation Using Acidified KMnO
4/K
2Cr
2O
7
+

36. 2CH
3COOH
KMnO
4/H
+
or
K
2Cr
2O
7
Example
Oxidation Using Acidified KMnO
4/K
2Cr
2O
7

37. Ozonolysis
Chemical
Properties of
Alkenes
Addition Reaction
Oxidation
Polymerization

38. +HCHO
Example
O
3
Zn-H
2O
Ozonolysis of Alkenes

39. Trick to Remember!

40. Chemical
Properties of
Alkenes
Polymerization
Addition Reaction
Oxidation
Ozonolysis

41. n
Polythene
( )
n
Polymerization of Alkene
High temp./
pressure
Catalyst
Example
n-large number
of ethene unit

42. From Metal Carbide
Preparation
of Alkynes
From Vicinal Dihalides
Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method

43. C
2H
22H
2OCaC
2 Ca(OH)
2
Ethyne
Preparation from Metal Carbide
Example
∆
Industrial method
of preparation of
ethyne
+ +

44. From Vicinal Dihalides
Preparation
of Alkynes
From Calcium Carbide
Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method

45. NH
3NaBr+
Preparation from Vicinal Dihalide
Δ
Alc.KOH
NaNH
2
-+
Example
+

46. Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method
Preparation
of Alkynes
From Calcium Carbide
From Vicinal Dihalides

47. 2KOHH
22CO
2
2H
2O
Potassium
maleate
Acetylene
Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method
Electrolysis
Example
+
+ + +

48. Addition Reaction
Chemical
Properties
of Alkynes
Ozonolysis
Polymerization

49. H
2O
Kucherov Reaction
Propanone
+
Tautomerization
Hg
2+
/H
+
333 K
Example
Follows
Markovnikov’s
rule

50. Ozonolysis
Chemical
Properties
of Alkynes
Addition Reaction
Polymerisation

51. Example
Butane-2,3-dione
O
3
Zn-H
2O
Ozonolysis of Alkynes

52. Polymerization
Chemical
Properties
of Alkynes
Addition Reaction
Ozonolysis

53. Polymerisation
Linear Cyclic
Polymerization of Alkyne

54. Ethyne
( )
n
Polyethyne
n( )
Linear Polymerisationof Alkyne
High temp./
pressure
Catalyst
Example

55. Polymerisation
CyclicLinear
Polymerisationof Alkyne

56. Cyclic Polymerisationof Alkyne
Red hot
iron tube
873 K
Example

57. From Alkynes
From Aromatic Acids
From Phenol
Preparation
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

58. From Alkynes
From Aromatic Acids
From Phenol
Preparation
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

59. Cyclic Polymerization of Alkyne
Red hot
iron tube
873 K
Example

60. From Aromatic Acids
From Alkynes
From Phenol
Preparation
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

61. Decarboxylation
Example
+ +
Δ
CaO
NaOH Na
2CO
3

62. From Phenol
Preparation
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
From Alkynes
From Aromatic Acids

63. Reduction of Phenol
Reaction
+ +
Δ
Zn ZnO

65. Electrophilic Substitution
Addition Reaction
Chemical
Properties
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

66. Electrophilic Substitution
Addition Reaction
Chemical
Properties
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

67. E
+
+ H
+
+
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
General reaction

68. Halogenation X : Cl , Br , I
++++
Nitration NO
2
+
Sulphonation SO
3
Friedel-Crafts reaction R, RCO
+ +
Electrophiles of Electrophilic
Substitutions

69. Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
Conc. H
2SO
4
Conc.HNO
3
Anhydrous
AlCl
3
Cl
2
+HCl
Example

70. Fuming
sulphuric acid
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
H
2SO
4+
Δ
Example

71. Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
Anhydrous
AlCl
3
CH
3COCl
Anhydrous
AlCl
3
C
l
+HCl
+HCl
Example

72. Electrophilic Substitution
Addition Reaction
Chemical
Properties
of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons

73. Addition Reaction
3H
2
Ni,Δ
Example
UV/500 K
3Cl
2

74. THANK YOU
“Stay Positive, Work Hard. Make It Happen!”