Hydrocephalus_in_Children_Presentation.pptx

hydrocephalus

1. Hydrocephalus in Children An Overview for Undergraduate Medical Students Your Name Date

2. Introduction Definition: Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain. Importance: Understanding hydrocephalus is crucial for diagnosing and managing pediatric patients effectively.

3. Anatomy and Physiology Normal CSF Circulation: - Produced in the choroid plexus - Flows through the ventricles and subarachnoid space - Absorbed into the bloodstream Ventricular System Diagram

4. Types of Hydrocephalus Communicating Hydrocephalus: Impaired absorption of CSF Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus: Obstruction of CSF flow Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Usually in older adults, not covered in detail

5. Causes and Risk Factors Congenital: Aqueductal stenosis, neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida), infections (e.g., intrauterine CMV) Acquired: Intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, tumors, head injury

6. Symptoms in Infants Head Enlargement: Rapid increase in head circumference Fontanel Bulging: Tense or bulging anterior fontanel Developmental Delays: Motor skills and cognitive functions Other Signs: Vomiting, irritability, sleepiness, downward deviation of eyes (sunsetting)

7. Symptoms in Older Children Headache: Worse in the morning Nausea/Vomiting: Especially in the morning Blurred Vision/Double Vision Balance Problems Behavioral Changes

8. Diagnosis Physical Examination: Head circumference measurements, neurological examination Imaging Studies: - Ultrasound: Through the fontanel in infants - CT Scan and MRI: Detailed brain imaging Other Tests: Lumbar puncture (if indicated)

9. Treatment Options Surgical: - Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt: Most common, CSF diverted to the peritoneal cavity - Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV): Creating an opening in the floor of the third ventricle Medical Management: Temporary measures (e.g., acetazolamide, furosemide)

10. Postoperative Care and Follow-Up Shunt Complications: Infection, blockage, overdrainage Monitoring: Regular follow-ups for shunt function, growth, and development Rehabilitation: Physical, occupational, and speech therapy as needed

11. Prognosis Factors Affecting Prognosis: Underlying cause, early intervention, presence of other disabilities Long-term Outcomes: Cognitive and physical development, need for ongoing medical care

12. Case Study Case Presentation: Example of a pediatric patient with hydrocephalus Diagnosis and Treatment Pathway Outcome and Follow-Up

13. Summary Key Points Recap: Types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hydrocephalus in children Importance of Early Detection and Management

14. Questions and Discussion Interactive Q&A Session Discussion on Recent Advances or Challenging Cases