Hydrograph_and_Unit_Hydrograph_Presentation (2).pptx

hydrograph

1. Hydrograph and Unit Hydrograph Research-Level Presentation Modern Visual Theme with Diagrams and APA References

2. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Hydrologic Cycle and Runoff 3. Definition of Hydrograph 4. Components of a Hydrograph 5. Factors Affecting Hydrograph Shape 6. Types of Hydrographs 7. Analysis of Hydrograph 8. Flow Separation 9. Base Flow Concept 10. Applications of Hydrograph 11. Limitations of Hydrograph Analysis 12. Introduction to Unit Hydrograph 13. Assumptions of Unit Hydrograph Theory 14. Derivation of Unit Hydrograph 15. Effective Rainfall and Direct Runoff 16. Unit Hydrograph Ordinates 17. S-Curve Method 18. Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) 19. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 20. Examples and Applications 21. Case Study Example 22. Comparison between Hydrograph and Unit Hydrograph 23. Limitations of Unit Hydrograph 24. Modern Approaches 25. AI and Data-driven Models 26. GIS in Hydrology 27. Climate Change and Hydrograph Shifts 28. Future Research Directions 29. Summary 30. References

3. Introduction • Hydrology deals with the movement and management of water. • Hydrographs and Unit Hydrographs are vital tools. • Used for flood prediction, watershed modeling, and water resource design.

4. Hydrologic Cycle and Runoff • Continuous circulation of water on Earth. • Runoff occurs when rainfall exceeds infiltration. • Hydrographs quantify this runoff with respect to time.

5. Definition of Hydrograph • Graph showing discharge (Q) versus time (t). • Represents basin response to rainfall. • X-axis: Time; Y-axis: Discharge.

6. Components of a Hydrograph • Rising limb, peak discharge, recession limb, base flow, lag time. • Reflects basin’s hydrologic behavior.

7. Factors Affecting Hydrograph Shape • Basin size and shape • Land use and vegetation • Soil type • Rainfall intensity and duration

8. Types of Hydrographs • Storm hydrograph – from a single rainfall. • Annual hydrograph – yearly variation. • Baseflow hydrograph – groundwater contribution.

9. Analysis of Hydrograph • Used for flood peak, time to peak, and basin response. • Important for reservoir and drainage design.

10. Flow Separation • Separates base flow and direct runoff. • Methods: Graphical or analytical.

11. Base Flow Concept • Represents sustained groundwater contribution. • Important in low-flow conditions.

12. Applications of Hydrograph • Flood forecasting • Reservoir operation • Watershed management • Urban drainage planning

13. Limitations of Hydrograph Analysis • Assumes consistent basin response. • Sensitive to rainfall data accuracy. • Land use changes not directly represented.

14. Introduction to Unit Hydrograph • Direct runoff from 1 cm (or 1 mm) of effective rainfall. • Linear system response of the basin.

15. Assumptions of Unit Hydrograph Theory • Linearity, superposition, time invariance, uniform distribution. • Simplifies rainfall-runoff modeling.

16. Derivation of Unit Hydrograph • Derived from rainfall-runoff data. • Steps: Determine effective rainfall, compute direct runoff, normalize to 1 unit.

17. Effective Rainfall and Direct Runoff • Effective rainfall = total rainfall - losses (infiltration, evaporation). • Produces direct runoff hydrograph.

18. Unit Hydrograph Ordinates • Represent discharge at intervals. • Used to compute hydrographs for any rainfall by scaling.

19. S-Curve Method • Used to derive UHs for different durations. • Based on cumulative response principle.

20. Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) • Represents response to an infinitesimal rainfall. • Theoretical but used in advanced models.

21. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph • Derived using empirical formulas. • Examples: Snyder’s, SCS, Nakayasu methods.

22. Examples and Applications • Used for flood forecasting and storm design. • A core part of watershed management models.

23. Case Study Example • Demonstration using observed rainfall-runoff data. • Validation through superposition and scaling.

24. Comparison between Hydrograph and Unit Hydrograph • Hydrograph: Actual discharge-time relation. • Unit Hydrograph: Response to 1 unit rainfall. • UH = normalized hydrograph.

25. Limitations of Unit Hydrograph • Assumes linearity and time invariance. • Ineffective for heterogeneous or large basins.

26. Modern Approaches • Machine learning, AI, and remote sensing. • Integrating new data sources for improved accuracy.

27. AI and Data-driven Models • Neural networks, SVM, LSTM models improve rainfall-runoff prediction. • Non-linear relationships better captured.

28. GIS in Hydrology • Enables watershed delineation and analysis. • Integrates spatial data for modeling.

29. Climate Change and Hydrograph Shifts • Alters rainfall patterns and runoff. • Requires adaptive hydrologic models.

30. Future Research Directions • AI-based modeling, data assimilation. • Climate impact studies, real-time flood modeling.

31. Summary • Hydrograph: runoff over time. • Unit Hydrograph: response to 1 unit rainfall. • Both crucial for flood forecasting and basin analysis.

32. References • Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., & Mays, L. W. (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill. • Linsley, R. K., Kohler, M. A., & Paulhus, J. L. (1982). Hydrology for Engineers. McGraw-Hill. • Singh, V. P. (1997). Hydrologic Systems: Rainfall-Runoff Modeling. Prentice-Hall. • Subramanya, K. (2017). Engineering Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Education.