Hyperemia and Congestion.pptx ............

Pathophysiology..

1. PATHOLOGY Hyperemia and Congestion

2. By the end of this presentaion , we should be able to do the following:Define Hyperemia. Explain aetiological factors of hyperemia Discuss classifications of Hyperemia Describe pathogenesis of Hyperemia State Symptoms of Hyperemia Explain ways of diagnosing Hyperemia Enumerate treatment measures for hyeperemia . OBJECTIVES:

3.  Hyperemia and congestion are two related terms used to describe increased blood flow to a particular area of the body. While they are closely related, there are some differences between them. HYPEREMIA Hyperemia is a medical term that refers to an increased blood flow to a particular area or organ of the body. Hyperemia exists in two forms;   Overview

4. 1. Active Hyperemia • Active Hyperemia is an accumulation of blood in a tissue which occurs when there's an increase in blood supply to an organ or tissue. • This is due to active vasodilatation (of arteries, arterioles and capillaries) and is a normal response that can be caused by exercise, digestion, blushing etc.  

5. 2. Passive hyperemia (also called congestion) •Passive hyperemia is the accumulation of blood in a tissue or organ which occurs when there is a reduced outflow of blood from the tissue such that the blood is not effectively drained away. • This is due to passive dilatation of veins. It can happen when blood vessels (veins) become compressed or when there is an obstruction in the blood flow. •Passive hyperemia leads to swelling and impaired function, It indicates an underlying issue or disease such as thrombosis and heart failure.  

6. CON…

7. Causes of Active Hyperemia Exercise Your heart and muscles need more oxygen when you’re active. Heat When you’re running a high fever or it’s hot outside, extra blood flows to your skin to help your body release heat. Digestion After you eat, your stomach and intestines need more blood to help them break down foods and absorb nutrients. Aetiological factors

8. I nflammation Du ring an injury or infection, blood flow to the site increases. Continuation

9. Etiological factors of Hyperemia. Active Hyperemia. Exercises . Your heart and muscles need more oxygen when you’re active. Blood rushes to these organs to supply extra oxygen. Your muscles need up to 20 times their normal supply of blood during a workout. Heat . When you’re running a high fever or it’s hot outside, extra blood flows to your skin to help your body release heat. Digestion . After you eat, your stomach and intestines need more blood to help them break down foods and absorb nutrients. Aetiological factors

10. Inflammation . During an injury or infection, blood flow to the site increases. Menopause . Women who are in menopause often have hot flashes, which causes a rush of blood to the skin — especially of the face, neck, and chest. Blushing is a similar response. Release of a blockage . Hyperemia can happen following ischemia, which is poor blood flow to an organ. Once ischemia is treated, blood rushes to the area. CON…

11. Passive hyperemia Passive hyperemia, also known as congestion, is a condition where blood accumulates in the veins and capillaries of an organ due to decreased outflow from the blood vessels. Some of the causes of passive hyperemia include: Heart failure : When the heart can’t beat well enough to push blood through the body, blood begins to back up. This backup causes swelling, or congestion, in organs like the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys CON…

12. A blockage in a blood vessel ; Deep vein thrombosis ; Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) DVT is caused by a clot in one of the deep veins — often in your lower legs. The clot can break free and get lodged in a vein in your lung, called a pulmonary embolism Thrombosis A blood clot that can break away from the wall of the blood vessel and block the flow of blood. CON…

13. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) DVT is caused by a clot in one of the deep veins — often in your lower legs. The clot can break free and get lodged in a vein in your lung, called a pulmonary embolism Continuation

14. It can be classified into two:- 1)Active hyperaemia -involves congestion of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries either through sympathetic neurogenic mechanism or via release of vasoactive substances.The affected organs are red and pink in appearance.It can be seen in conditions such as goiter, muscular exercise, inflammation and menopausal flush   Classification of hyperaemia

15. 2) Passive hyperaemia -It is also called venous congestion. -It is due to dilation of veins and capillaries due to impared venous drainage. -Affected organs or tissues appear bluish in color due to accumulation of venousblood (cyanosis) It can be local or systemic. • Local-obstruction of the venous flow from the organ or part of the body eg portal vein in liver • Systemic-involves systemic veins such as in left or right sided heart failure due to pulmonary congestion. Con…

16. Hyperemia occurs when excess blood builds at a tissue due to vasodilation of arteries up inside the vascular system or obstruction of vein causing vessel dillation pulling back blood to the capillaries; this causes congestion. The buld up of blood may present a red, warm painful, swollen area which may progress to lack of function. Pathogenesis of hyperemia

17. ACTIVE HYPEREMIA A trigger/stimulus causes the following; Increased blood flow Vasodilatation of arterioles Redness in the affected tissue

18. PASSIVE HYPEREMIA This will occur due to obstruction or abnormalities in venous flow causing; Increased hydrostatic pressure ( venules ) Dilatation of capillaries Capillary rapture Cyanosis CON…

19. Lungs

20. NUTMEG

21. Hyperemia and congestion both describe increased blood flow to a specific area of the body Hyperemia is caused by dilation of blood vessels due to increased blood flow which is often associated with inflammation Clinical symptoms of hyperemia ininclud redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and tenderness Congestion is caused by obstructed blood flow, resulting in a backup of blood in the particular area of the body Symptoms

22. Clinical symptoms of congestion vary depending on the location of the blockage Congestion in the lungs may cause shortness of breath, wheezing, and a cough Congestion in the liver can cause abdominal pain and swelling Congestion in the sinuses can cause facial pain, headache, and difficulty breathing through the nose CON…

23. CON…

24. Active hyperemia Checking for the sighns and symptoms (redness and warmth.) Passive Hyperemia Blood tests: (this is a whole hemodynamics theory. The changes in The blood flow can be detected whilst lying down and then the blood pressure messurements are taken between the thighs and ankles.) Power Doppler Sonography : detects the flow of blood especially in small vessels even the ones with low velocity flows. Diagnosis

25. Active hyperemia No need treatment (normal physiology) However, in case of inflammation: treat underlying cause. e.g. use of predinesolone in asthma. Passive hyperemia (congestion) Treatment depends on the presentation, for example: Heart failure: diuretics, ACE inhibitors DVT: blood thinners, surgery MANAGEMENT OF HYPEREMIA